artificial intelligence (AI)
the science of creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by peopl
the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing
manipulating information mentally, as when we form concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and reflect in a creative or critical manner
mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics
model stating that all instances of a concept share defining properties
model emphasizing that when people evaluate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance"
an attempt to find an appropriate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily available.
setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems in order to be in a better position to reach the final goal or solution
strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest, but do not guarantee, a solution to a problem
using a prior problem-solving strategy and failing to look at the problem from a fresh, new perspective.
a type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem because they are fixated on a things usual functions
the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
reasoning from the specific to the general. from the bottom up
reasoning from the general to the specific
evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
the tendency to search for and use information that supports, rather than refutes, our ideas
the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome.
a prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.
being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
being receptive to the possibility of other ways of looking at things
the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unconventional solutions to problems.
thinking that produces many answers to the same question; characteristic of creativity.
thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the type of thinking required on traditional intelligence tests.
the quality of having a particular talent-that "something special"-for the things that one does in a particular domain
problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences
the extent to which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance
developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms for the test
an individual's level of mental development relative to that of other's
intelligence quotient (IQ)
an individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
a symmetrical, bell shaped curve with a majority of the scored falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased.
the proportion of the IQ differences in a population that is attributed to genetic differences
descriptive of individuals who have an IQ of 130 or higher and/or superior talent in a particular area.
a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and has an onset of these characteristics in the so-called developmental period
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg's theory that there are three main types of intelligence; analytical, creative and practical.
a form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols
the ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules
a language's sounds system
a language's rules for word formation
a language's rules for the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language
an approach to learning to read that stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning; so reading materials should be whole and meaningful.
an approach to learning to read the emphasizes basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.
individual's interpretation of the events in their lives as harmful, threatening, or challenging and their determination of whether they have the resources to cope effectively with the events.
managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.
responding to the emotional aspects of stress rather than focusing on the problem causing the stress
directly confronting a problem with active attempts to solve it
coping with a problem by trying to ignore it.