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Terms in this set (115)
complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body
The central nervous system
network of nerves outside the brain that serve sensory and motor functions
The peripheral nervous system
long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra
The spinal chord
division associated with skeletal muscle voluntary control of body movements
The somatic nervous system
division that directs activity of the glands, organs, and smooth muscles of the body
the autonomic nervous system
division that coordinates arousal
sympathetic nervous system
division responsible for rest and energy storage
parasympathetic nervous system
term meaning toward the front
anterior
term meaning toward the rear
posterior
term meaning toward the top
superior
term meaning toward the bottom
inferior
term referring to structures on the same side of the midline
ipsilateral
term referring to structures on opposite sides of the midline
contralateral
term meaning toward the midline
medial
term meaning away from the midline
lateral
space within the brain that contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ventricle
small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid
central canal
area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons
white matter
area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies
gray matter
involuntary action or response
reflex
structure consisting of the hindbrain and midbrain
brainstem
structure located in the metencephalon that participates in the management of states of consciousness
pons
structure located in the metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone and muscle coordination
cerebellum
most caudal part of the hindbrain
medulla
structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information and participates in learning and memory
thalamus
structure found in the diencephalon involved in hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression
hypothalamus
pea-sized body connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones
pituitary gland
collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement
basal ganglia
set of brain structures that participate in emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning
limbic system
structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres involved with the formation of long-term declarative memories
hippocampus
almond-shaped structure in the rostral temporal lobes responsible for fear perception
amygdala
"hill" on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex
gyrus
wide band of axons connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
system consisting of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastrointestinal system
enteric nervous system
primate tribe, of which humans are the only surviving members
hominin
animal that possess a true brains and spinal cord
chordate
species of modern humans
homo sapiens
A structure located at the top of the head can be described as being _______________________________ relative to the rest of the head.
dorsal or superior
Where would we look for the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus, which are relevant to sexual orientation in humans?
Toward the front of the hypothalamus
Between which two layers of the meninges do we find circulating cerebrospinal fluid?
arachnoid membrane and pia mater
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (nervous system)
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles and circulates through the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space.
True
Hydrocephalus cannot be treated, and it inevitably leads to intellectual disability.
False
Your patient experienced a stroke involving the middle cerebral artery of the left hemisphere. What types of problems might you expect to see as your patient recovers?
Language difficulties
Which of the following systems are part of the peripheral nervous system? Please select all that apply.
Somatic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Arousal
Parasympathetic nervous system
Rest Repair digest
Somatic nervous system
Sensation and Movement
Cervical
Head and neck
Thoracic
Torso
Lumbar
Lower back and legs
Sacral and coccygeal
Inner legs and genital area
The spinal cord is capable of managing simple reflexes without input from the brain.
tue
Rhombencephalon
Hindbrain
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
Prosencephalon
forebrain
Medulla
Cranial nerve nuclei, heartrate, breathing
Pons
States of conscious awareness
Raphe nuclei
Sourse of seritonin
Locus coeruleus
Source of noraepinepherine
Cerebellum
Balance motor control
Substantia nigra
voluntary movement
Periaqueductal gray
pain
Superior colliculus
visual reflexes
Inferior colliculus
auditory reflexes
Red nucleus
posture motor control
Which of the following are functions of the hypothalamus? Please select all that apply.
Regulation of autonomic nervous system Regulation of endocrine system Regulation of thirst
Which of the following functions are associated with the thalamus? Please select all that apply.
Consciousness, Learning and memory ,Sensory processing
Which of the structures in the basal ganglia is particularly related to addiction?
Nucleus accumbens
Anterior cingulate cortex
Decision-making
Septal area
Pleasure
Hippocampus
Memory and stress
Amygdala
Assessing threat
The cerebral cortex is a thin, six-layered covering of the convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres.
True
Frontal
Processing and movement
Parietal
Somatosenses
Occipital
Vision
Temporal
Audition and object recognition
The lateral sulcus divides the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.
False
People who are asked to switch languages as they name objects show extra activation in the orbitofrontal cortex.
False
There are four commissures in the human brain, and the largest is the corpus callosum.
True
For most people, which of the following processes are localized to the left hemisphere? Please select all that apply.
Language Mathematical computation Logical reasoning
Some cranial nerves have only sensory OR motor functions, while others do both.
true
Which of the cranial nerves is important to emotional expression?
Cranial n. VII
The vagus nerve (Cranial nerve X) is important to our understanding of the gut--brain axis.
True
The ventral roots of the spinal nerves carry motor information to the periphery.
False
In a mixed spinal nerve, individual fibers can carry both sensory and motor information.
False
In most cases, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems are not active at the same time.
True
Which of the following characteristics are associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? Please select all that apply.
Release of norepinephrine
The enteric nervous system includes a very small number of neurons.
False
Epinephrine is used both as a brain neurochemical and as a neurohormone released from the adrenal glands.
True
Oxytocin and vasopressin are essential to human bonding behaviors but have no other significant functions.
False
The human brain has changed dramatically over the past 10,000 years due to agriculture and urbanization.
False
Homo sapiens co-existed and interbred with other hominin species, including the Neanderthals and Denisovans.
True
Blond hair alleles might have benefited from natural selection due to the ability of associated light skin to process Vitamin D from sunlight.
True
True brains are found in both vertebrates and invertebrate
False
Which of the following is true of chordate nervous systems? Please select all that apply.
The nervous system runs along the dorsal surface of the animal. The nervous system is centered in the head. The nervous system is protected by bone.
Which of the following structures experienced the greatest relative growth over the course of chordate evolution? Please select all that apply.
Cerebellum Cerebrum
Change in the human brain has occurred much faster than typical evolutionary changes occur.
True
An important factor driving the increase in human brain size is our need to process the social environment.
True
The costs associated with larger brains are likely to make further growth less likely.
True
choroid plexus
produces CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
pathway of CSF
forms in choroid plexus --> third ventricle --> Aqueduct --> fourth ventricle --> subarachnoid space (then reabsorbed by veins at top of head)
CSF functions
-cushioning and shock absorption
-chemical protection
-circulate nutrients and remove wastes
Jake is trying to memorize the anatomical directions for his physiology quiz so he is associating his body parts with the various terms. Which of the following should he remember to be VENTRALLY located relative to the rest of his body?
His stomach and the underside of his chin
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is secreted within the ventricles of the brain via the _____, which converts material from the nearby blood supply into CSF.
choroid plexus
Although the brain makes up only about 2% of your body weight, it requires about ____ of the blood pumped by the heart.
10-15%
vertebral column
The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.
anatomy of spinal cord
consists of 31 segments
8 cervical nerves - head, neck, arms
12 thoracic nerves - chest, heart, lung
5 lumbar - lower back and legs
5 sacral - back of legs and genitals
1 coccygeal nerve - most caudal part of spine
Which of the following is not a function of the spinal cord?
Initiating planned movements
Sylvia is about one month pregnant. At this point, her embryo's brain would feature all of the following divisions except the ____.
telencephalon
The cerebral cortex is convoluted, which means it has a wrinkled appearance. When we describe the features of these convolutions, an especially large _________________ can also be referred to as a ________________.
fissure; sulcus
explanation - The texture of the cerebral cortex is like a mountain chain. The "hills" are the gyri, the "valleys" are the sulci. A large sulcus is called a fissure.
As he has gotten older, Mr. White has developed diabetes. Since he doesn't visit his doctor regularly to properly manage the diabetes, he has lost much of his hearing. His doctor believes that the diabetes has resulted in permanent damage to his cranial nerve _____.
VIII
Ms. Brown was startled by some loud thunder. Soon after, her heartbeat and breathing rate sped up and she felt hot. Which division of the nervous system would have been responsible for these symptoms?
Sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following is not considered a factor that contributed to the rapid increase in hominin brain size?
Being predominantly right-handed
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