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Terms in this set (57)
Organizational structure
A formal system of task and reporting relationships that coordinates and motivates organizational members so that they work together to achieve organizational goals.
Identify the factors that influence managers' choice of an organizational structure.
The four main determinants of organizational structure are the external environment, strategy, technology, and human resources.
Organizational design
The process by which managers make specific organizing choices that result in a particular kind of organizational structure.
What happens when the external environment is changing ,ore quickly and the uncertainty is also greater?
The problems are greater for managers in trying to gain access to scarce resources.
When are less coordination and communication among people and functions are needed to obtain resources?
This is when the external environment is stable, resources are readily available, and uncertainty is low.
True or False? Different strategies often call for the use of different organizational structures and cultures.
True
How are managers able to gain more control over their different businesses?
Managers gain more control when they move to a more flexible structure.
What happens when an organization uses a more complicated technology?
It becomes more difficult to regulate or control the technology because more unexpected events are possible to appear.
What is the benefits of a more routine technology?
The formal structure becomes more appropriate since tasks are simple and the steps needed to produce goods and services have been worked out in advance.
What was the argument that Charles Perrow made?
He argued that two factors determine how complicated or nonroutine technology is: task variety and task analyzability.
Task variety
It is the number of new or unexpected problems or situations that a person or function encounters in performing tasks or jobs.
Task analyzability
It is the degree to which programmed solutions are available to people or functions to solve the problems they encounter.
True or False? Nonroutine or complicated technologies are characterized by low task variety and high task analyzability.
False: High task variety and low task analyzability
The more highly skilled its workforce, and the greater the number of employees who work together in groups or teams, the more likely an organization is to use what?
It is more likely to use a flexible, decentralized structure and a professional culture based on values and norms that foster employee autonomy and self control.
The way an organization's structure works depends on the organizing choices managers make about three issues:
1. How to group tasks into individual jobs.
2. How to group jobs into functions and divisions.
3. How to allocate authority and coordinate or integrate functions and divisions.
Job design
The process by which managers decide how to divide tasks into specific jobs.
Explain how managers group tasks into jobs that are motivating and satisfying for employees.
Managers use job design to group tasks into jobs. Once that is done, managers can then enlarge and enrich jobs to create more interesting jobs and to get workers to act flexibly. Another way to see how motivating or satisfying a job is by a tool that is provided by the job characteristic model.
Job simplification
The process of reducing the number of tasks that each worker performs.
Job enlargement
Increasing the number of different tasks in a given job by changing the division of labor.
Job enrichment
Increasing the degree of responsibility a worker has over his or her job.
What are four examples of job enrichment?
1. Empowering workers to experiment to find new or better ways of doing the job.
2. Encouraging workers to develop new skills.
3. Allowing workers to decide how to do the work and giving them the responsibility for deciding how to respond to unexpected situations.
4. Allowing workers to monitor and measure their own performance.
Who created the job characteristic model?
J.R. Hackman and G. R. Oldham
True or False? According to Hackman and Oldham, every job has five characteristics that determine how motivating the job is.
True
Name the characteristics that determine how employees react to their work and lead to outcomes such as high performance and satisfaction and low absenteeism and turnover.
1. Skill variety
2. Task identity
3. Task significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback
Skill variety
The extent to which a job requires that an employee use a wide range of different skills, abilities, or knowledge.
Task identity
the extent to which a job requires that a worker perform all the tasks necessary to complete the job, from the beginning to the end of the production process
Task significance
The degree to which a worker feels his or her job is meaningful because of its effect on people inside the organization, such as coworkers, or on people outside the organization, such as customers.
Autonomy
The degree to which a job gives an employee the freedom and discretion needed to schedule different tasks and decide how to carry them out.
Feedback
The extent to which actually doing a job provides a worker with clear and direct information about how well he or she has performed the job.
Describe the types of organizational structures managers can design, and explain why they choose one structure over another.
...
Functional structure
An organizational structure composed of all the departments that an organization requires to produce its goods or services.
Divisional structure
An organizational structure composed of separate business units within which are the functions that work together to produce a specific product for a specific customer.
What is the goal behind the change to a divisional structure?
It is to create smaller, more manageable units within the organization.
What are the three forms of divisional structure?
product structure, geographic structure, and market structure
Product structure
An organizational structure in which each product line or business is handled by a self-contained division.
Geographic structure
An organizational structure in which each region of a country or area of the world is served by a self-contained division.
Market structure
An organizational structure in which each kind of customer is served by a self-contained division; also called customer structure.
Matrix structure
An organizational structure that simultaneously groups people and resources by function and products.
Cross-functional team
A group of managers brought together from different departments to perform organizational tasks.
Product team structure
An organizational structure in which employees are permanently assigned to a cross-functional team and report only to the product team manager or to one of his or her direct subordinates.
Explain why managers must coordinate jobs, functions, and divisions using the hierarchy of authority and integrating mechanisms.
...
Authority
The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources.
Hierarchy of authority
An organization's chain of command specifying the relative authority of each manager.
Span of control
The number of subordinates who report directly to a manager.
Line manager
Someone in the direct line or chain of command who has formal authority over people and resources at lower levels.
Staff manager
Someone responsible for managing a specialist function such as fiancé or marketing.
What has many levels of authority relative to company size?
tall organization
What has fewer levels relative to company size?
flat organization
Decentralizing authority
Giving lower-level managers and nonmanagerial employees the right to make important decisions about how to use organizational resources.
Integrating mechanisms
Organizing tools that managers can use to increase communication and coordination among functions and divisions.
Task force
A committee of managers from various functions or divisions who meet to solve a specific, mutual problem - also called ad hoc committee.
Managers can increase coordination among functions and divisions by establishing what?
liaison roles
Describe how information technology (IT) is helping managers build strategic alliances and network structures to increase organizational efficiency and effectiveness.
...
B2B network structure
A series of global strategic alliances that an organization creates with suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors to produce and market a product.
Outsource
To use outside suppliers and manufacturers to produce goods and services.
Boundaryless organization
An organization whose members are linked by computers, mobile and virtual technology, computer-aided design systems, videoconferencing, and cloud computing, and who rarely, if ever, see one another face to face.
Knowledge management system
A company specific virtual information system that systematizes the knowledge of its employees and facilitates the sharing of their expertise.
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Verified questionsquestion
Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction? a. Finding that despite its delicious aroma, a weird-looking meal tastes awful. b. Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold. c. Finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection. d. Finding that the cold pool water doesn’t feel so cold after a while. e. All of these are examples.
Verified answer
psychology
Match the term below with its correct definition. correlation A. method researchers use to answer questions about cause and effect B. researchers select a group of participants end then observe them over a period of time C. part of a target population studied by researchers D. substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it E. educated guess or answer to a research question F. factors that can vary or change in an experiment G. measure of how closely two things are related H. standards for proper and responsible behavior I. a measure of distance of every score to the mean J. participants do not know whether they are in the experimental group or the control group K. members of a study who do not receive treatment
Verified answer
psychology
Match the term with its correct definition. personality A. ideas and images of the accumulated experiences of all human beings B. the consistency between one's self-concept and one's experience C. methods used by the ego to avoid anxiety D. people who tend to be active and self-expressive and gain energy from interacting with others E. people who tend to be imaginative and look inward for ideas and energy F. the patterns of feelings, motives, and behavior that set people apart from one another G. the use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas H. a view of oneself as an individual I. the process by which people learn socially desirable behaviors J. an aspect of personality that is considered to be reasonably stable
Verified answer
question
Karl was late for his interview because he left the house late and did not use his GPS for directions. If Karl is making use of the self-serving bias, witch of the following statement will he use to explain his lateness? a. "I tough I knew where I was going, but I got lost." b. "I spent to much time trying to find a tie that matches this shirt." c. "My GPS told me to turn the left when I should have turned right." d. "I am usually right in predicting how long it takes me to get places, but today there was more traffic than I anticipated." e. "Sometimes I procrastinate and do not have enough time to get places."
Verified answer
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