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Terms in this set (101)
describe, explain, predict, change
goals of psychology
Learning
Experiences lead you to know new information, possess new skills, or demonstrate new behaviors. This is known as ______.
experience
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to ________.
associative learning
Experiences cause us to link things in the environment together, we refer to this as _______ _________.
associations/stimuli
One of the most basic ways that we learn is by forming ________ (links) between _______ (things) that happen at about the same time.
classical conditioning
In ________ __________, we learn to associate a neutral (meaningless) stimulus in our environment with a different, meaningful stimulus that is very important to us because of its "ability" to elicit a response.
classical conditioning
Ex. of _____ _______.
Different types of food make dogs drool.
Pavlov
______ discovered classical conditioning.
signal
information that we could then use to figure out what would happen next
temporal contiguity
When things are closely linked together in time, we say they have ______ ________.
neutral stimulus
Ex. The buzzer in Pavlov's Dog Experiment.
A stimulus that creates no reaction.
conditioned stimulus
Ex. The buzzer makes the dog salivate.
A stimulus that reacts with a conditioned
reflex.
acquisition
________ is when learning occurs.
unconditioned
unlearned
unconditioned stimulus
An _________ ________ is an event or signal that reliably elicits a response without prior learning. (food, breastfeeding)
unconditioned response (UR)
_________ __________ is an automatic or unlearned reaction that automatically follows the unconditioned stimulus. (drooling, feeling secure)
stimulus/response
The unconditioned __________ always activates the unconditioned _________ - it is a reflex.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
________ ___________ are learned signals.
conditioned response (CR)
_______ _________ is learned reaction.
delay conditioning
the conditioned stimulus (CS) should start just before (~0.5 sec) and overlap a bit with the unconditioned stimulus (US)
John Watson
Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats with the sound of a loud noise by ______ ______.
stimulus extinction
This breaking of an association is called _______ _______.
Ex. Losing the fear of white rats after a while because you don't hear loud noise associated with it.
spontaneous recovery
________ _________ is when a conditioned response reemerges after extinction has occurred.
Ex. The dog gets used to the buzzer and food linked, but doesn't hear it for a day. The next day he hears it and the connection is back.
learning vs. performance
When we think we know the answer on a test, but the answer won't come to mind, this is an example of _______ ________.
motivation
_______ always helps you perform well.
conditioned taste aversion
You learn to avoid a particular food because of a previous unpleasant experience with it.
evolution
Why is conditioned taste aversion such a special case?
Law of Effects
______ ____ _______ suggests that behaviors that have happy endings are repeated, and that behaviors that produce unhappy consequences will instead be avoided in the future.
operant conditioning
Association between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
reinforcement
a process that increases the probability of the behavior being repeated
positive reinforcement
_____ _________, or reward, and it means you get something pleasant from your environment to encourage you to do the same thing again.
negative reinforcement
something is unpleasant or undesired is removed to increase a behavior
escape learning
escaping unpleasant things, also known as negative reinforcement is often called ______ _____ .
escape learning
applying aloe vera to a burn is an example of _____ _____.
avoidance learning
the unpleasant thing doesn't even happen because you do a behavior that allows you to avoid it altogether.
punishment by application
The first type of punishment involves giving or applying something unpleasant or undesired to stop a behavior.
punishment by removal
involves taking away something pleasant or desired that is usually already there, again with the goal of stopping a behavior.
shaping
positively reinforcing behavior to teach a complicated action to a person or creature.
Ex. Teaching a chicken to play duck-duck-goose.
extinction
the animal or person quits responding appropriately
constant, intermittent, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval
Rules for the delivery of reinforcement.
continuous
On a ______ schedule, behaviors are reinforced every time.
intermittent (partial)
some sort of rule, or schedule, has to be followed to get the reward
fixed
A _________ ratio schedule would mean that the child has to say, "please," an exact number of times before she is given candy. (reward after set number of responses)
variable
A _________ ratio schedule would mean that the child has to say, "please," an unpredictable number of times before she gets candy. (reward after unpredictable # of responses)
fixed interval
_______ _______ schedule would mean that the child has to wait an exact amount of time after seeing the candy to say "please" before her dad will buy her candy. (reward for response after set period of time)
variable interval
_______ ________schedule would mean that an unpredictable amount of time has to pass after she sees the candy before saying "please" for her dad to buy her candy. (reward for response after an unpredictable amount of time)
continuous
behaviors learned from a _________ schedule are easiest to stop.
learned helplessness
How much punishment or abuse can a person take before they just give up and don't take advantage of ways to save themselves?
Ex. Dogs with shock collars
habituation
after repeated exposure to a stimulus, decrease in responsiveness
nonassociative learning
occurs without forming associations between stimuli
observational learning
____ _______suggests that learning can occur when we imitate others.
modeling
learning by imitating others
vicarious reinforcement
_____ ________occurs when a behavior increases as a result of watching or observing someone else receive reinforcement.
reinforcement
a reaction from the environment
vicarious punishment
person's punishment warns us about what not to do
response
reaction/behavior
conditioned
learned
stimulus
signal
unconditioned
automatic/unlearned
associate
link
reinforcement
increases behavior
punishment
decreases behavior
positive reinforcement
application
negative reinforcement
removal
fixed
constant/consistent
variable
unpredictable
ratio
based on number of behaviors
interval
based on time passing
b
Which of the following is a reflexive behavior?
a. unconditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned response
c. conditioned response
d. conditioned stimulus
a
Which of the following
starts off as a neutral or meaningless stimulus?
a. conditioned stimulus
b. unconditioned stimulus
c. unconditioned response
d. conditioned response
a/b
Which TWO of the following are almost always the same during classical conditioning?
a. conditioned response
b. unconditioned response
c. unconditioned stimulus
d. conditioned stimulus
d
In order for conditioning to happen, the conditioned stimulus should start ______ the unconditioned stimulus.
a. at exactly the same time
b. just after
c. a few minutes before
d. just before
a/d
Which TWO of the following lead to an increase in a behavior?
a. negative reinforcement
b. punishment by application
c. punishment by removal
d. positive
reinforcement
c
Which of the following defines stimulus extinction?
a. things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus also produce the CR
b. the reappearance of the CR which had been previously diminished
c. the breaking of the association between the US and the CS, leading to the diminishing of the CR
d. when things are closely linked together in time
d
Learning that occurs as a result of watching another person or animal that is modeling that behavior is known as _____.
a. learned helplessness
b. habituation
c. shaping
d. observational learning
BF Skinner
_________ _____________________ studied operant conditioning with experiments using animals in a "Skinner Box"
Negative reinforcement
Taking out the trash to avoid your parent yelling at you.
Negative reinforcement
Taking an aspirin to get rid of a headache
Punishment by removal
Taking away a cell phone due to bad behavior
fixed ratio
giving a child a reward every time they clean their room
variable ratio
buying lottery tickets and winning occasionally
fixed interval
getting a paycheck every 2 weeks
variable interval
checking your phone for text messages, rewarded with a message at random times
sensitization
after repeated exposure to a stimulus, increase in responsiveness
being bitten, fear, seeing dogs, fear
Nina was bit by a dog when she was four. Now she is afraid of all dogs and gets nervous whenever she sees one. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
getting hurt, fear, water slides, fear
Eli slipped and hurt his leg when going down a water slide when he was four years old. He now refuses to go on any water slides. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
1. positive reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. punishment by removal
4. punishment by application
Donna is trying to get her son to be more cooperative in the morning so that they can get out the door on time for school. Match the terms below.
positive reinforcement
punishment by application
punishment by removal
negative reinforcement
1. Gives him a dime every time he makes it out the door on time.
2. He doesn't have to load the dishwasher on days he makes it out the door on time.
3. Donna takes a quarter out of his allowance every time he is late.
4. He has to mop the floor everyday he is late out the door.
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment by application
punishment by removal
Mrs. Price's son Tristin can be a bit of a trouble maker. Match the terms below.
positive reinforcement
punishment by application
punishment by removal
negative reinforcement
1. Brings home an A, gets a video game
2. Cleans his room, doesn't have to mow the lawn
3. Stays out past curfew, has to
listen to moms lecture.
4. Uses cell phone at dinner, gets it taken away for a week.
spontaneous recovery
Abby finally got over her fear of airplanes. She has been flying without fear for about three months. Then suddenly, she boards a plane for her next business trip and starts to feel nervous and sweaty. Which concept explains this response?
fixed interval
An employer gives the top performing employee a day off every 6 weeks. Which schedule of reinforcement is he using?
vicarious punishment
One of your co-workers is yelled at by your boss for forgetting to lock up at night. The next night you double check the door before you leave. Which concept explains this behavior?
stimulus extinction
The breaking of the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus, leading to the diminishing of the conditioned response is known as ____.
fixed ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement occurs when behaviors are reinforced after a set number of behaviors are performed?
punishment by removal
When the removal of a pleasant event weakens the behavior it follows this is known as _____.
fixed interval
A father gives his son his allowance every Friday as long as his chores are finished. Which schedule of reinforcement is he using?
sensitization
A person sitting next to you in the library is chewing gum. You hardly notice it at first, but after two hours the sound seems louder and extremely annoying. Which concept explains this change?
stimulus extinction
The breaking of the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus, leading to the diminishing of the conditioned response is known as ____.
punishment by removal
When the removal of a pleasant event weakens the behavior it follows this is known as _____.
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the things that makes conditioned taste aversion a special case of classical conditioning?
a. The UCS and the CS need not be presented close together in time.
b. The UCS needs only be paired with the CS one time in order for an
association to occur.
c. Even without a repeated experience the taste aversion does not exinguish.
d. No UCR needs to occur for pairing to happen.
fixed ratio
A student is trying to teach herself to focus on her homework. After every third homework question she answers correctly, she rewards herself with a gummy bear. What kind of reinforcement schedule is this?
vicarious reinforcement
You notice that your brother gets praised by your mom when he does well in soccer. The next day you try extra hard at baseball practice. What concept explains this behavior?
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