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Theory Exam 4 11/4/13
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What happens to the skin with aging?
Decreased Turgor
Thinning
Dryness
Wrinkling
Increased skin fragility
Increased Melanin
Increased Nail brittleness
What is the major contributor to the photoaging and wrinkling of the skin?
Chronic UV exposure
What happens to the hair with aging?
Hair becomes depigmented and thinner. Loss of Melanin results in grey/white hair
What happens with the nails with aging?
The nail plate thins and nails become brittle and more prone to splitting/yellowing
What happens to the muscle in an older adult?
Decreased muscle mass and strength
decalcification of bones
degenerative joint changes
dehydration of intervertebral disks
What factors increase an older adults risk for falling?
Gait and balance problems
Decreased vision and
hearing
Decreased reflexes
Orthostatic hypotension
Medication use
How can you prevent falls in older adults?
Remove rugs and loose slippery surfaces
Use a walker or cane to help prevent falls
Nutrition
Get regular and frequent exercise; warm up
Weight-bearing exercise(walking) 2-3 x's day
Shoes with good support
Rise slowly to prevent dizziness
Avoid walking on uneven surfaces and
wet floors
What are most falls in older adults associated with?
Getting in or out of a BED or CHAIR
What kind of fall in the older adult is most likely to result in a hip fracture?
Falls to the side
What are some interventions to REDUCE hip fractures in the older adult?
Calcium and Vitamin D supplements
Estrogen replacement
Bisphosphonate(class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone mass)
Why are elderly woman at risk for a hip fracture?
Most likely to have osteoporosis and low bone density which increases their risk of hip and other types of fractures
What INTRINSIC factors increase risk for falling in older adults?
History of a previous fall
Impaired vision
Postural hypotension or syncope
Conditions affecting mobility such as arthritis, muscle weakness, peripheral neuropathy, foot problems
Conditions affecting balance and gait
Alterations in bladder function such as frequency or urge incontinence and nocturia
Cognitive impairment, agitation, and confusion
Adverse medication reactions (sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants,
opioids)
Slowed reaction times
Deconditioning
What EXTRINSIC factors increase risk for falling in older adults?
poor lighting
slippery or wet flooring
items on floor that are easy to trip over
furniture placement
sidewalks and stairs in poor repair
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