PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
QUESTION BANK/ QUIZ
1. The principles of scientific Management were more concerned with the problems at the ………..levels
a) Higherlevels b)Middle
c) Operating d)None
2. Father of Modern Management theory is………………
a) HenryFayol b)F.W.Taylor
c) HenryGantt d)None
3. ………….suggests that each communication going up or coming down must flow through each position in the line ofauthority
a) CommunicationPattern b) Horizontalcommunications
c) Scalar chain d) None ofthese
4. Management can be consideredas………………..
a) Exactscience b) Inexactscience
c) Psuedoscience d) B or C
5. …………………..is that phase of business enterprise that concerns itself with the overall determination of institutional objectives and the policies necessary to be followed in achieving thoseobjectives.
a) Management b)administration
c) Bothofthese d)None
6. ……….has defined the basic problem of managing as the art of “knowing exactly what you want men to do and then see that they do it in the best and cheapestway“
a) HenryFayol b) F.W.Taylor
c) MaryparkerFollet d) None ofthese
7. According to functional foremanship, the speed boss, Inspector, foreman and gangbossareentrustedwiththe…………………aspectofwork.
a) Planning b)Organizing
c) Doing d) None ofthese
8. …………..isundertakentofindouttheonebestwayofdoingthething
a) JobAnalysis b) Meritrating
c) Jobenrichment d) None
9. The principle of Unity of command is contrary to Taylors……………………..
a) Ruleofthumb b) Unity ofDirection
c) Functional foremanship d) None ofthese
10. According to …………..principle, each group of activities with the same objective must have one head and oneplan
a) Unity of Direction c) Either of these 11. Everything whichgoes | to | b) Unity of command d)None increase the importance of subordinates role |
is………………. | ||
a) Decentralization c) Either A or B | b) Centralization d)None |
12. TheBook“FunctionsofExecutive”waswrittenby…………………..
a) P.F.Drucker b) ChesterBarnard
c) HerbertSimon d)None
13. ………………..school ofManagementrecognizestheexistenceofacentralized body of knowledge for theManagement.
a) Systemapproach b)Empirical
c) Contingency d)Operational
14. …………..school of thought has developed on the idea that there is no single best method to find solutions to Managerialproblems
a) Systemapproach b)Empirical
c) Contingency d)Operational
15. Koontz and O’Donnel are the advocates of ……………….approach to management
a) Systemapproach b)Empirical
c) Contingency d)Operational
16. Accordingto……………approach,managementisalogicalprocessanditcan be expressed in terms of mathematical symbols andrelationships.
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) Contingency d)Operational
17. ……………….approach aspectof | of | management heavily concentrates on ‘People’ management. |
a) Human relations c) Empirical | b) System d) Management science |
18. ……………istheartofknowingexactlywhatyouwantmentodoandthen seeingthathowtheydoitinthebestandcheapest way.
a) Generalmanagement b) ScientificManagement
c) Administration d)None
19. …………..is introduced to secure the benefits of division of labour or specialization at the supervising level under scientificmanagement
a) Operatingmanagement b) Functionalforemanship
c) Either aorb d)None
20. ………………….helps to determine a fair days work and rest period to completeit
a) Workstudy b) Timestudy
c) Motionstudy d) All ofthese
21. The main objective unnecessary | of | ……………..study is to determine and eliminateand wastefulmovements | |
a) Work study c) Motion study | b) Timestudy d) All ofthese | ||
22. The author of the is…………………… | famous | book “General and IndustrialManagement” | |
a) HenryFayol c) HenryGantt | b) F.W. Taylor d)None | ||
23. AccordingtoFayol,theprinciplesofManagementare……………….
a) Rigid b)Flexible
c) Aorb d)None
24. ……………..is the right of a superior to give orders to subordinates, take decisionsetc.
a) Authority b)Responsibility
c) Accountability d)None
25. Authority and responsibility are …………….to eachother
a) Supplementary b)Complementary
c) Contradictory d)None
26. ………….principle states that an employee should receive orders form one superioronly
a) Unityofdirection b) Unity ofcommand
c) Espritdecorps d)None
27. According to ………….principle, there should always exist one head and one planforagroupofactivitieshavingthesameobjective
a) Unityofdirection b) Unity ofcommand
c) Espritdecorps d)None
28. …………..is highly suitable for large organizations having large number of managerial personnel at differentlevels.
a) Centralization b) Decentralization
c) Departmentalization d) All ofthese
29. ………….isdefinedasachain ofsuperiorsrangingfromtheultimateauthority to the lowestranks
a) Structure b) Scalarchain
c) Bothofthese d) None ofthese
30. Thebook“CreativeExperiencewaswrittenby………………..
a) HenryFayol b) F.W.Taylor
c) MaryparkerFollet d) None ofthese
31. Thebook “functionsofExecutive”waswrittenby……………….
a) HenryFayol b) F.W. Taylor
c) MaryParkerFollet d) Chester IBarnard
32. …………….is the character of communication, in a formal organization by virtue of which it is accepted by a member of the organization as governingthe action hecontributes
a) Responsibility b) Authority
c) Accountability d)Power
33. …………..developed the “Need Hierarchy Theory” to explain human behaviour within anorganization.
a) A.H.Maslow b) Douglas Mc.Gregor
c) Herzberg d) RensisLikert
34. Thetwofactor theoryofMotivationwasdevelopedby…………….
a) A.H.Maslow b) Douglas Mc. Gregor
c) Herzberg d) RensisLikert
35. Theory X and Theory Y was developed by……………….
a) A.H.Maslow b) Douglas Mc. Gregor
c) Herzberg d) RensisLikert
36. …………….treats the organization as a complex system based on the principles of supporting relationships in which decision making, leadership, motivation, communication and control movetogether
a) A.H.Maslow b) Douglas Mc. Gregor
c) Herzberg d) RensisLikert
37. ……….has given the concept of administrative man as the model for decision making
a) A.H.Maslow b) Douglas Mc. Gregor
c) Herzberg d) HerbertSimon
38. …………….developed theconceptofManagementbyObjectives
a) A.H.Maslow b) HerbertSimon
c) Herzberg d) Peter F.Drucker
39. Motivation Hygiene theory was developed by……..
a) A.H.Maslow b) HerbertSimon
c) Herzberg d) RensisLikert
40. Managementaccordingto……….Approachisthestudyofpracticalexperience ofManagersandhencesuchastudywouldprovidea betterunderstandingto theeffectivewayofManaginganenterprise
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) Contingency d)Operational
41 ……….approach is based on the idea that an organization is studied in detailand decisions are taken for each sub system, which in turn is in conformity with the totalsystem.
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) Contingency d) System
42. ………..school of thought has developed on the idea that there is no single best method to find solutions to managerialproblems
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) Contingency d)Operational
43. KoontzandO’Donnelareadvocatesof………….approachtomanagement
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) Contingency d)Operational
44. The introduction of computers in decision making process contributed a lot in popularizing the ………approach inmanagement
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) System d)Operational
45. ………….approach attempts to understand managerial problems and to provide suitable solutions by the application of scientificmethodology
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) Contingency d)Operational
46. The advocates of …………..approach view management as the direction of the activities of a group of people towards the accomplishment of common objectives
a) Empirical b) Managementscience
c) Contingency d) Humanbehavior
47. According to ………………..Core competency must be the central subject of Corporatestrategy
a) HenryFayol b)F.W.Taylor
c) C.K.Prahlad d) Peter F.Drucker
48. Thebook“PracticeofManagementwaswrittenby…………
a) HenryFayol b)F.W.Taylor
c) C.K.Prahlad d) Peter F.Drucker
49. …………………believedthatleadersarenotbornbutalsodevelopedthrough proper training in humanbehavior.
a) MaryParkerFollet b)F.W.Taylor
c) C.K.Prahlad d) Peter F.Drucker
50. TheconceptofJobenrichmentisacontributionby……..
a) FrederickHerzberg b) F.W.Taylor
c) C.K.Prahlad d) Peter F.Drucker
51. --------- is considered as the primaryfunction of management?
a) Organizing b)Planning
c )Staffing d) Controlling
52. MBO standsfor?
a) Management of BusinessObjectives
b) Management ByObjectives
c ) Managing Business Operations
d) None of these
53. --------isthe processofselectingonebestalternativesfromdifferent alternatives.
a) Planning b) Organizing
c) Decisionmaking d) Forecasting
54. --------istheprocessofidentifyingandgroupingofworktobeperformed
a) Organizing b)Staffing
c) Divisionoflabour d)Planning
55. Operational guides to action is known as
a) Policies b)`Procedures
c) Plan d) None ofthese
56. -------- isasequenceofactivitiestobeundertakenforimplementingthe policies and achieving the objectives of anenterprise.
a) Procedures b)Programme
c)Rule d)Plans
57. -------- is an organizational structure which clearly definesduties, responsibilities, andauthority.
a) Formal b)Informal
c)Natural d) None ofthese
58. --------organisationarisesvoluntarilyorduetosocialinteractionofpeople
a) Formal b)Informal
c )Lineorganization d) All ofthese
59. Authorityistheright togive--------andthepowertoexactobedience
a) Information c) Money | b) d) | Orders None of these | |
60. | A superior cannot delegate a) Authority | b) | Responsibility |
c) Duty | d) | None of these |
61. If the orders instructions or directions are delegated to a particular person, then it is knownas
a) Generaldelegation b) Specificdelegation
c) Writtendelegation d) Informaldelegation
62. ---------are certainassumptionsaboutthefutureonthebasisofwhichtheplan will beformulated
a) Programmes c) Planning issues | b) d) | Planning premises Procudures | |
63. | Authority flows from a) Top to Bottom | b) | Bottom to top |
c) Horizontally | d) | All of these |
64. -----------referstothemaximumnumberofsubordinatesasuperiorcan effectively manage?
a) Scalarchain b) Unity ofdirection
c) Accountability d) Span ofcontrol
65. -----------istheobligationofasubordinatetoperformthedutyassignedbyhis superior
a) Authority b)Responsibility
c) Divisionoflabour d)Accountability
66. Military type of organization is alsocalled
a) Informalorganization b) Line organization
c) Line&Staff d)Functional
67. Concentration of authority of decision making at top levels of management is knownas
a) Concentration c) Centralization | b) Decentralization d) None of these | |
68. | Decentralization is a) Compulsory c) None of these | b) Optional |
69. ----------isadetailedandsystematicstudyofjobstoknowthenatureand characteristics.
a) Man powerplanning b) Jobanalysis
c) Staffing d) All ofthese
70. ----------isastatementshowingtheminimumacceptablequalitiesofthe persons to be placed on aJob.
a) Job analysis b) Jobdescription
c) Jobspecifications d)Staffing
71. Theresultofjobanalysiswritteninastatementisknownas
a) Jobdescription b) Jobspecifications
c) Manpowerplanning d) None ofthese
72. ------------is the process of searching for prospective employees andstimulating them to apply for theJob.
a) Selection b)Training
c) Recruitment d)Induction
73. ----------isconsidered asanegativefunctionofmanagement.
a) Selection b) Recruitment
c) Training d)Placement
74. --------- is the process of comparing actual performance with the standard and taking correctiveAction.
a) Controlling (b)Management
c) Planning d)Co-ordination
75 --------- a process of integrating the interdepartmental activities as unified actiontowardstheAchievementofthecommongoaloftheorganization.
a) Controlling b)Directing
c) Co-ordination d) All ofthese
76. --------- referstoco-ordinationbetweenactivitiesofamanagerandhis subordinates.
a) Verticalco-ordination b) Horizontalco-ordinaiton
c) Diagonalco-ordination d) None
77. ------------ aims at visualizing and identifying deviation before they actually occur.
a) Predictivecontrol b) Concurrentcontrol
c) OperationalControl d) All ofthese
78. In ---------type of organization, workers receive instructions from various specialists.
a) Line b)Functional
c) Informal d)None
79. If duties and authority are shown in the organizational structure of the enterprise, then it iscalled
a) Informaldelegation b) Formaldelegation
c) Writtendelegation d) None ofthese
80. -----------isanexampleofinternal sourceofrecruitment
a) Advertisement b) Tradeunions
c) Employment exchange d)Promotion
81. --------istheprocessofinductinganemployeeintothesocialsetup ofwork.
a) Placement b)Induction
c) Absorption d) None ofthese
82. -------- is the act of increasing the knowledge and skills of an employee for doing ajob.
a) Training b)Induction
c) Placement d)Orientation
83. -------- means issuing orders, instructions andcommands.
a) Directing b) Unity of command
c) Authority d) All ofthese
84. --------- is a statement of expected results expressed in quantitative terms for a period
a) Plan b)Budget
c) Schedule d) None ofthese
85. ------------ means an individual should receive orders and instructions from only onesuperior
a) Unityofcommand b) Span of control
c) Scalar chain d) None ofthese
86. ……………is theactivityofinfluencingpeopletostrivewillinglyforgroupof objectives.
a) Motivation b)Leadership
c) Communication d) None ofthese
87. A leader should have …………..
a) TechnicalKnowledge b) Empathy
c) Initiative d) All ofthese
88. Autocraticstyleofleadershipisalsoknownas………….
a) Authoritarian b) Participative
c) Freerein d) None ofthese
89. In…………styleofleadershipamanagercentralizesdecisionmakingpower inhimself
a) Autocratic b) Participative
c) Freerein d) None ofthese
90. ……………… leader tries to make the subordinates to feel that they are actuallyparticipatingindecisionmakingeventhoughhehadalreadytakenhe decision.
a) Participative b) Freerein
c) Manipulativeautocrat d) None ofthese
91. ……………….Leadershipgives completefreedomtosubordinates
a) Authoritarian b) Participative
c) Freerein d) None ofthese
92. Participative leadershipisalsoreferredas………………….leadership
a) Democratic b) Consultative
c) Ideographic d) All ofthese
93. …………….Isvestedwiththedemocraticstyleofleadership
a) NegativeMotivation b) Centralization ofauthority
c) Decentralizationofauthority d) One waycommunication
94. The relationship between the leader and his group is the same as that of father and his family in ……
a) Autocratic b) Participative
c) Freerein d) Paternalistic
95. …………………. Leadershipisalsoreferredasfatherlyleadership
a) Autocratic b) Participative
c) Freerein d) Paternalistic
96. ………….Meansaprocessofstimulatingpeopletoactiontoaccomplish desiredgoals
a) Motivation b) Leadership
c) Communication d) None ofthese
97. Maslow’s theory of motivation is…………..
a) Theory XandY b) Two FactorTheory
c) AchievementTheory d) None ofthese
98. NeedHierarchytheorywasdevelopedby…………
a) McGregor b) AbrahamMaslow
c) Herzberg d) McClelland
99. AccordingtoNeedHierarchytheory,thehumanneedsare……….
a) Limited b) Unpredictable
c) Unlimited d) All ofthese
100. ………… needs are need forsurvival
a) Safety b) Esteem
c) Social d) Physiological
101. ……………istheneedforloveandaffection
a) Safety b) Esteem
c) Social d)Physiological
102. Thedesiretoreachthepeakofone’spotentialiscalledas………..
a) SelfActualizationneed b) Safetyneed
c) Esteemneed d) Socialneed
103. TwoFactorTheoryisalsoknownas…………….
a) Theory XandY b) Motivation HygieneTheory
c) AchievementTheory d) None ofthese
104. Two Factor Theory was developed by …………….
a) McGregor b) AbrahamMaslow
c) Herzberg d) McClelland
105. Achievement Theory was developed by……….
a) McGregor b) AbrahamMaslow
c) Herzberg d) McClelland
106. Achievement Theory is concerned with………………..
a) Affiliation b) Power
c) Achievement d) All ofthese
107. McGregor’smotivationtheoryisknownas………………
a) Theory XandY b) Two FactorTheory
c) AchievementTheory d) None ofthese
108. …………….. is vested with negative motivation
a) AchievementTheory b) TheoryX
c) Theory Y d) All ofthese
109. The techniques and tools for organizing and co-ordinating a group of individuals working towards a commongoal
a) PerformanceManagement b) TeamManagement
c) PerformanceAppraisal d) None ofthese
110. ……….. Communication is also known as Grapewine
a) Formal b) Informal
c) Lateral d) None ofthese
111. The word MBO stands for……………..
a) Management byOrganisation b) Management byOperation
c) ManagementbyObjectives d) None ofthese
112. ………….. developedMBO
a) HenryFayol b) Rensis Likert
c) MichaelPorter d) Peter FDrucker
113. MBO gives emphasis on…………….
a) TopManagement b). MiddleManagement
c) Objectives d) LowerManagement
114. MBO establishes a…………………
a) Communityofinterest b) Centralizedorganization
c) Rigidorganisationstructure d) All ofthese
115. KRA in MBO stands for…………….
a) KeralaRuralAcademy b) Key ResultAreas
c) KeyResourcesAvailability d) None of these
116. Theword‘Ethics’isderivedfromGreekword……….
a) Ethios c) Ethoes | b) d) | Ethikos None of these | |
117. | Ethics is a …………. a) Pure science | b) | Normative Science |
c) InexactScience | d) | None of these | |
118. | Ethics means ………. a) Character | b) | Manner |
c) Custom | d) | All of these |
119. ………dealswiththerightactionsofindividuals
a) Sincerity b) Rules
c) Ethics d) All ofthese
120. Ethics is a……..
a) Socialscience b) Science ofconduct
c) NormativeScience d) All ofthese
121. Theword‘moral’isderivedfromtheLatin word……….
a) Moralis b) Morilitic
c) Monatic d) None ofthese
122. Human nature is………….
a) Learned b) Programmed
c) Inherited d) All ofthese
123. Personality is…………….
a) Learned
b) Inherited
c) Partially inherited and partiallylearned
d) Neither learned norinherited
124. Culture is………….
a) Learned b) Programmed
c) Inherited d) All ofthese
125. In………….Culturetheorganisationprovidesastableenvironmentinwhich employees can develop and exercise theirskills
a) Fortress b) Club
c) Baseball d)Academy
126. ……….Cultureexistsinfastpacedhighriskorganizations
a) Fortress b) Club
c) Baseball d)Academy
127. ……….. culture can be seen inmilitary
a) Fortress b) Club
c) Baseball d)Academy
128. Thetraitsorqualitiesthatareconsideredasvaluableareknownas..…….
a) Culture b) Values
c) Ethics d) All ofthese
129. Theterm‘value’isderivedfromtheFrenchword……………
a) Valoir b) Valas
c) Velois d) None ofthese
130. ………………representanindividual’shighestprioritiesanddeeplyheld drivingforces.
a) Values b) Principles
c) Culture d)Ethics
131. A set of charecteristics that sets one group of people apart from another is called as…………
a) Culture b) Values
c) Ethics d) None ofthese
132. Indian life has ………….. fundamentalgoals
a) Three b) Five
c) Four d) Two
133. Indianethosistheoutcomeof………..wayoflife
a) Budha b) Hindu
c) Christian d)Muslim
134. IEM stands for……………
a) Indian EconomicManagement
b) Institute for Education inManagement
c) Indian Ethos inManagement
d) International EnvironmentalManagement
135. The ‘guna’ of dark force is………….
a) RajaGuna b) SatvaGuna
c) TamsGuna c) None ofthese
136. Holism m,eans………….
a) Oneness b) Divinity
c) Materiality d) All ofthese
137. Indian model of management is…………..
a) Valuedrivenholistioc b) Ratopnalholistic
c) Hybrid d) Noneofthese
138. Fundamental theories of Indian Model include…………….
a) PurusharthaTheory b) PanchakosasTheory
c) TheoryofGunas d) All ofthese
139. ………………referstocertainnormsgoverningtheconductof workers involved in a worksituation
a) TeamWork b) Work Ethos
c) WorkGroup d) WorkManagement
140. …………seeksto determinenormsandvalues
a) Culture b) Normativescience
c) Value d) None ofthese.
141. …………………isprimarilyconcernedwiththerelationshipofbusinessgoals and techniques to specifically humanends
a) Businessethics b) Code ofconduct
c) Allofthese d)None
142. …………aretheprinciples,whichgovernandguidebusinesspeopleto perform businessfunctions
a) Businessethics b) Code ofconduct
c) Allofthese d)None
143. ………………….istheguidingprinciplefordecisionmakinginaneconomics based view ofmanagement
a) Profitmaximization b) WealthMaximisation
c) Valuemaximization d)None
144. …………….is a process that allows people to make decisions based on their deeper values which will be economically, socially and environmentally sound.
a) Holisticapproach b) Ethicsmanagement
c) Codeofconduct d) None ofthese
145. A ……………..is a written document, inspirational in contents and specify clearly what is acceptable or unacceptable behavior atworkplace andbeyond, when the employees represent their organizationsoutside.
a) Codeofconduct b) BusinessEthics
c) Allofthese d) None ofthese
146. …………specifiesmethodsfor reportingviolations,disciplinaryactionfor violations and the structure of the due process to befollowed
a) BusinessEthics b) Code ofethics
c) Allofthese d)None
147. ………….is asetofvalues,beliefs,goals,normsandwaysofsolvingproblems by the members of theorganization.
a) Corporateculture b) Organizationalculture
c) Bothofthese d) None ofthese
148. Which among the following are advantages of managing business ethics in the workplace?
a) Cultivatestrongteamworkandproductivity
b) Avoid criminalacts
c) Lowerfines
d) All ofthese
149. A ……………..is a buzz word to employees to observe ethical norms and forms the basis for rules ofconduct.
a) Codeofethics b) BusinessEthics
c) Allofthese d)None
150. ……….would be charged with implementing and administering an ethical managementprogramme.
a) Topmanagement b) Ethics managementcommittee
c) Middlemanagement d) None ofthese
151. When new employees are to be recruited,………….training should be arranged for them.
a) Apprenticeship b)Induction
c) Vestibule d) None ofthese
152 ……………….is a new framework for decisions making on all levels that is based on resource management of the whole
a) HolisticManagement b) Ethicsmanagement
c) Codeofconduct d) None ofthese
153. ……….term includes employees, customers, suppliers and the wider community
a) Stockholder b) Stakeholder
c) Bothofthese d) None ofthese
154. Ethicsin workplacescanbemanagedthroughtheuseof
a) Codesofethics b) Codes ofconduct,
c) Rolesofethics d) All ofthese
155. Thefirst stepinholisticprocessofmanagementis…………..
a) Define the whole undermanagement
b) Develop a written goalstatement
c) Assess currentsituation
d) Brainstorming to achievegoal.
ANSWER KEY
1) | c | 2) | a | 3) | c | 4) | d | 5) | b | 6) | b | 7) | c | 8) | a |
9) | c | 10) | a | 11) | a | 12) | b | 13) | d | 14) | c | 15) | d | 16) | b |
17) | a | 18) | b | 19) | b | 20) | a | 21) | c | 22) | a | 23) | b | 24) | a |
25) | b | 26) | b | 27) | a | 28) | b | 29) | b | 30) | c | 31) | d | 32) | b |
33) | a | 34) | c | 35) | b | 36) | d | 37) | d | 38) | d | 39) | c | 40) | a |
41) | d | 42) | c | 43) | d | 44) | c | 45) | b | 46) | d | 47) | c | 48) | d |
49) | a | 50) | a | 51) | a | 52) | b | 53) | c | 54) | a | 55) | b | 56) | b |
57) | a | 58) | b | 59) | b | 60) | b | 61) | b | 62) | b | 63) | a | 64) | d |
65) | b | 66) | b | 67) | c | 68) | b | 69) | b | 70) | c | 71) | a | 72) | c |
73) | a | 74) | a | 75) | c | 76) | a | 77) | a | 78) | b | 79) | b | 80) | d |
81) | b | 82) | a | 83) | a | 84) | b | 85) | a | 86) | b | 87) | d | 88) | a |
89) | a | 90) | c | 91) | c | 92) | d | 93) | c | 94) | d | 95) | d | 96) | a |
97) | d | 98) | b | 99) | c | 100) | d | 101) | c | 102) | a | 103) | b | 104) | c |
105) | d | 106) | d | 107) | a | 108) | b | 109) | b | 110) | b) | 111) | c | 112) | d |
113) | c | 114) | a | 115) | b | 116) | b | 117) | b | 118) | d | 119) | c | 120) | d |
121) | a | 122) | c | 123) | a | 124) | c | 125) | d | 126) | c | 127) | b | 128) | b |
129) | a | 130) | a | 131) | a | 132) | c | 133) | b | 134) | c | 135) | c | 136) | a |
137) | a | 138) | d | 139) | b | 140) | b | 141) | a | 142) | a | 143) | a | 144) | a |
145) | a | 146) | b | 147) | a | 148) | d | 149) | a | 150) | b | 151) | b | 152) | a |
153) | b | 154) | d | 155) | a |