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b) • type 2 diabetes mellitus
c) • smoking
d) • advancing age
Explanation:
type 2 diabetes mellitus, smoking, and advancing age are risk factors for delayed healing.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus reduces supply of oxygen and nutrients secondary to vascular complications.
Nicotine is a potent vasoconstrictor and impedes blood flow, which reduces the supply of oxygen and nutrients necessary for healing.
Advanced age slows collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, impairs circulation, and requires a longer time for epithelialization of skin.
Atrial fibrillation causes venous stasis in the atria, but does not have an effect on wound healing.
Hypertension does not have an effect on healing.
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