The following question(s) refer to the passage.
The idea of a [unitary] government involves in it, not only an authority over the individual citizens, but an indefinite supremacy over all persons and things, so far as they are objects of lawful government. . . . In [that] case, all local authorities are subordinate to the supreme; and may be controlled, directed, or abolished by it at pleasure. In [a federal system], the [regional] authorities form distinct and independent portions of the supremacy, no more subject, within their respective spheres, to the general authority, than the general authority is subject to them, within its own sphere.
—James Madison, Federalist No. 39
Which of the following statements best describes the author's perspective and reasoning?
The powers that the Constitution would grant to the national government will not intrude upon the power of state governments.
The supremacy clause will subordinate state governments to the federal sphere.
The U.S. Constitution should be ratified because a unitary government is preferable to the Articles of Confederation.
Lawful government has the authority to make any laws it deems necessary and proper for effectuating a peaceful society.
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