Pharmacology and the Nursing Process
7th EditionJulie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins
388 solutions
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2According to Omran's epidemiological transition model (select all that apply):
A)
Over time, countries move from having high infectious disease burden to having high chronic disease burden
B)
Over time, countries move from having high chronic disease burden to having high infectious disease burden
C)
Over time, population size, birth and death rates remain the same
D)
Over time, countries move from having high birth and death rates to having low birth and death rates
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Terms in this set (60)
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being."
True
The most comprehensive definition of health is the one offered by the medical model.
False
The sociocultural definition of health takes into account the individual's perception of health.
False
According to the medical model's definition of health, an individual is healthy if he/she is free of symptoms and/or physical signs.
True
An example of a definition of health as a multidimensional concept is The World Health Organization's definition of health.
True
Disparities
Differences in health status between advantaged and disadvantaged populations that are considered unfair and avoidable.
Eliminating disparities in the health status of the population has become an international priority because populations with health disparities have
Increased incidence of disease.
This model still stands as the most effective illustration of health determinants and continues to inform the work of those concerned with understanding and reducing the health inequality gap. It explains how the health inequities are a result of different levels of interaction considering from the individual to the community and socio-economical level.
The Social model of Health
Inequalities are based on unfair and avoidable factors that create health gaps and average indicators of the population health.
FALSE - Inequality is the characteristic of being unequal or uneven.
Poverty is considered as the principal indicator of health disparities.
FALSE - Even when income is taken into account health disparities still exist among races.
Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population group:
Healthy Inequality
Social Determinants of Health:
The collective set of conditions in which people are born, grow up, live and work.
Social determinants of health do not act in isolation.
TRUE - Act in complex interactions that affect health
Are products of personal history, and social, geographic, economic and political factors.
Culture and Ethnicity.
__________ Is considered the major cause of health disparities:
Lack of access to health services
What is the name of the scientific field that examines inheritable traits not caused by changes in the DNA code?
Epigenetics
What compounds attach to genes to direct their expression as certain types of cells?
Methyl Groups
Epigenetics refers to the modification of genes that affect the DNA sequence itself.
False
The epigenome is an inflexible structure that never changes.
False
Which of the following statements regarding epigenetics is FALSE?
Genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave (or express themselves) differently
According to World Health Organization (WHO), environment is defined :
All the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related behaviors.
Environmental health is defined by:
The study of factors or pollutants in the environment (outdoor or indoor) that affect human health.
Environmental pollutants that can affect human health could be present in
Air, water, soil and food
Routes by which pollutants could be transferred to humans includes the following:
Inhalation, ingestion and absorption
According to the figure provided bellow, the major sources of air pollutants comes from:
Industries and vehicles
Why reducing health disparities have been a difficult task in spite of numerous efforts through the years?
Determinants for health disparities have not been studied simultaneously
Which of the following will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of health disparities?
Transdiciplinary and multilevel research approaches
Which of the following constitute the most important challenge in addressing the issue of health disparities in the near future?
Availability of a working force with necessary set of competencies to address health disparities research
Which of the following statements is true with regards to Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)?
Both diseases share common socioeconomic and psychosocial factors
These are important socioeconomic factors contributing to both Cancer and CVD:
Increased caloric intake and physical inactivity
Cross-cultural misunderstandings between providers and patients can lead to mistrust and frustration, but are unlikely to have an impact on objectively measured clinical outcomes.
False
When the patient and provider come from different cultural backgrounds, the medical history obtained may not be accurate.
True
A really conscientious health provider can eliminate his or her own prejudices or negative assumptions about certain kind of patients.
False
Minority and immigrant patients in the US who go to traditional healers and use traditional medicines generally avoid conventional Western treatments.
False
Providers whose patients are mostly European-American, U.S. born and middle class still need to know about health practices from different world cultures.
True
One of the following elements does not structure the individual dimension of diversity
Cultural competence
One of the following is not a component of the internal dimension of diversity
Income
Bigby defines cultural competence as:
The ability of health professionals and institutions to deliver effective services to diverse patients populations.
Accordingly to the NIH, the following situations are affected when considering health disparities, except:
What are the people clinical preferences
Accordingly to the Institutes of Medicine the following elements are not associated with health disparities, except
Physicians' bias
The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities. This statement is:
True
Government inaction related to a certain topic can be a statement of public policy. This statement is:
True
Research has evidence reveals that poverty is not related to lower educational attainment. This statement is:
False
Scientists have no role in the public policy process. This statement is:
False
Writing newspapers columns about a specific social issue is a way to influence public policy. This statement is:
True
In CBPR, it is recommended that community members are included in different phases of the research process except the study design which is elaborated by academic researchers?
False
CBPR promotes power-sharing processes in order to attend to social inequities.
True
Provides equal opportunity to community members and academic researchers to participate in each stage of the research process is fundamental in CBPR.
True
The intervention programs to address health disparity issues are best accepted by the community when had been created under CBPR.
True
Scientific knowledge is the central base of the CBPR.
False
What is a dataset?
Collection of standardized information about a group of patients who share a condition or experience.
Information contained in dataset for health disparities research can only be obtain from Medical Records?
False
Datasets are useful for patients because they:
Establish associations between determinants of health and disease status.
Researchers can initiate they own research-driven datasets on specific groups of patients.
True
Should patients know their information will be included in a dataset?
Yes
Dissemination and Implementation research is a pseudo-science
False
The lag from research discovery to the application of this knowledge takes approximately 17 years
True
The following is a topic related to dissemination science: "the use of clinical guidelines in decision making and practice".
True
The purpose of implementation science is "to spread evidence-based interventions to the target audience".
False
The following is a topic related to implementation science: "studies on the factors contributing to sustainability of interventions in clinical practice".
True
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