Openness to experience: will have tolerance, superior cognitive functioning, achievement, and IQ
Consciousness: better health, less stress, better friendships, higher GPA, more law abiding
Extraversion: engage in social activities, more satisfied in relationships, less affect to stressors, positive sense of well-being
Agreeableness: generous, altruistic, more satisfying romantic relationships
Neuroticism: feel negative emotions more in life, more health complaints, more drug dependence, more heart diseas
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Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?
Self-help
The developmental concept of self-_______ is defined as the child's cognitive representation of self, or the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.
understanding
Being attentive and positive toward his or her image in a mirror is one way of an infant expressing
self-recognition.
According to new research findings, young children are _______ psychologically aware of themselves and others than once believed.
more
Jax tells his grandma that he knows all of his ABCs, but he does not in fact know them. This is an example of a young child's ______ of personal attributes.
overestimation
Which of the following, often considered a central aspect of an individual's personality, lends an integrative dimension to our understanding of different personality characteristics?
self
Children's cognitive representations of themselves make up their:
self-understanding.
At what age do children develop the ability to use psychological traits to describe themselves and others?
4-5 years
Studying the self in infancy is difficult because infants cannot ______ express themselves.
verbally
According to research, Piaget's views on the egocentrism of infants are:
overstated.
Compared with what was previously thought, research now shows that young children are:
more psychologically aware of themselves and others.
Which of the following are methods of helping a child develop social interaction and relationships? (Select all that apply)
-Applaud the child's accomplishments
-Talk with a child about emotions
-Acknowledge shared intentions
Which of the following are characteristics that children younger than 5 or 6 years old would use when describing the differences between themselves and a friend? (Select all that apply)
Height
Hair color
Which of the following aspects of social understanding increases during middle and late childhood?
Taking the perspective of others
Which of the following is NOT one of the highly studied aspects of the self?
-Self-concept
-Self-esteem
-Self-help
-Self-understanding
Self-Help
Select the key changes that characterize the increased complexity in children's self-understanding. (Choose every correct answer.)
-Using social descriptions
-Describing themselves in terms of psychological characteristics and traits
-Referencing social comparison
-Understanding of their real self and ideal self
At about 4 to 5 years, children begin to describe themselves using:
psychological traits.
Which statements are true about the social sensitivity and/or egocentrism of young children? (Choose every correct answer.)
-Talking about internal states can help young children understand them.
-Children are more socially sensitive and perceptive than previously
envisioned.
When an adult fosters children's socioemotional growth and helps to refine their representations of who they are and what other people are like, the adult is serving as a relational:
catalyst.
As compared to younger children, children in middle to late childhood would be more likely to describe themselves as:
kind.
The tendency to compare oneself with others ______ in adolescence.
increases
What two executive functions are most called on when children engage in perspective taking?
Cognitive inhibition
Cognitive flexibility
When adolescents compare themselves with others, it is a part of their:
self-understanding.
The adolescent's self-understanding ______ across situations and across time.
fluctuates
Which aspects of understanding others are important in adolescent development? (Choose every correct answer.)
-Monitoring the social world
-Understanding multiple perspectives
-Perceiving
others' traits
The global evaluation we make of ourselves is called
self-esteem.
Perspective taking is thought to be important in determining whether children will
develop prosocial or antisocial attitudes and behaviors.
What were the findings of a New Zealand study that assessed individuals' self-esteem during adolescence and their adjustment in adulthood (at age 26)?
Adults who experienced adjustment difficulties had lower self-esteem in adolescence than their successful counterparts.
Ten-year-old Karla describes herself as a "cheerleader." Which of the following changes in self-understanding does this best reflect?
social descriptions
Most of the research on self-esteem is:
correlational.
Which of the following is NOT a quality that differentiates an adolescent's self-understanding from that of a child?
Active description
Which action is NOT an important aspect of an adolescent's developing understanding of others?
Engaging in egocentrism
Self-______ is also referred to as self-worth, or self image.
Esteem
As compared to the other answers, global self-esteem is most strongly correlated with:
physical appearance.
Which of the following is true of correlational research?
-It does not establish causation.
-It is experimental in nature.
-It can conclusively establish a relationship between variables.
-It should not be used.
It does not establish causation.
Which of the following refers to what individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming?
Possible selves
Match the appropriate changes in self-esteem to the correct developmental stage.
Twenties
Thirties and forties
Fifties and sixties
Seventies and eighties
Leveled off
Increased Slightly
Rose considerably
Dropped significantly
Twenties -- Increased Slightly
Thirties and forties -- Leveled off
Fifties and sixties -- Rose considerably
Seventies and eighties -- dropped significantly
Self-______ gives individuals the ability to control their behavior without having to rely on others' for help
regulation
or
control
Self-______ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.
concept
Resisting temptation is an important aspect of a preschooler's:
self-control.
One of the most important aspects of the self in middle and late childhood is:
an increased capacity for self-regulation.
In a 2002 cross-sectional study of self-esteem, self-esteem dropped significantly in the
seventies and eighties.
Emmanuel often monitors his thoughts and behaviors throughout the day to ensure that he is being respectful and appropriate. Emmanuel is demonstrating:
self-regulation.
Louise is 70 years old and has permanently lost sight in her right eye. Louise is adapting well to this loss with application of the three key factors described in selective ______ with compensation theory.
optimization
By the age of 2 to 3 years old children are aware of limitations on self-________. For example, knowing what to play with and where to play.
regulation
Religious beliefs, political views, relationship status, personality, and sexual orientation are components of:
identity.
The increased capacity for self-regulation in adolescence is linked to developmental advances in what area of the brain?
prefrontal cortex
According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life during the ______-______-_____-______ stage of development
identity-versus-identity-confusion
According to contemporary identity theorists, decisions ______ during the process of identity development.
must be made again and again
Which theorist is most associated with selective optimization with compensation theory?
Baltes
A person's identity is composed of all of the following EXCEPT their:
-genetic profile
-body image
-political views
-spiritual beliefs
genetic profile.
Adolescence is unique because for the first time, physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development advance to the point that individuals can do which three of the following things?
-Construct a viable path toward adult maturity
-Synthesize childhood identities and
identifications
-Sort through childhood experiences and identities
Most researchers use ______ to refer to the period of identity development during which an adolescent chooses among meaningful alternatives
exploration
What is the term given by Erikson to the fifth stage of development, experienced during adolescence?
Identity versus identity confusion
According to contemporary identity theory, identity development:
is accomplished in bits and pieces.
According to selective optimization with compensation theory, ______ makes it possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies.
optimization
Identity ______ refers to an individual who experienced a crisis and made a commitment.
achievement
According to Erikson, at what point does identity become a key dimension in individuals' lives?
adolescence
According to Marcia, the period in identity development when individuals are exploring alternatives is called
crisis, or exploration.
Match the dimensions of individuality and connectedness to their appropriate characteristic.
-Self-Assertion
-Separateness
-Mutuality
-Permeability
-Sensitivity and respect for other's views
-the ability to have and communicate a point of view
-the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others
-openness to others' view
-Self-Assertion : the ability to have and communicate a point of view
-Separateness : the use of communication patterns to express how one is different from others
Mutuality : Sensitivity and respect for other's views
Permeability : openness to others' view
An enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with attitudes and feelings related to that membership, is called:
ethnic identity.
What defines identity achievement?
Presence of both a crisis and a commitment
How is commitment defined by Marcia?
personal investment in identity
Individuality consists of which two of the following dimensions?
Self-assertion
Separateness
Which of the following are among the major personality theories? (Choose every correct answer.)
Social cognitive theory
Psychoanalytic theories
A student identifies herself as Chinese American. She identifies with both Chinese culture and American culture. She has a ______ identity.
bicultural
Having a positive outlook on the future and minimizing problems is a definition of the term:
optimism.
Which of the following statuses describes an individual who has made a commitment without experiencing a crisis?
identity foreclosure
Who among the following is associated with The Seasons of a Man's Life?
Levinson
Olivia is a 19-year-old college student who hopes to be a physician assistant in a large medical facility. She plans to be married and have two children by the time she turns 30. Levinson would call this
the dream.
The enduring personal characteristics of individuals is referred to as:
personality.
Teresa has always tried to look at the cup as half full. She has made ______ her personal style of thinking.
optimism
According to Levinson, which of the following ages most closely corresponds to the point in adulthood when a person enters the phase of Becoming One's Own Man (BOOM)?
38
What determines identity foreclosure?
Presence of a commitment but not a crisis
True or false: According to Levinson, adulthood has three main stages surrounded by transition periods.
True
According to Levinson, how long does the transition to middle adulthood last?
Five years
According to Levinson, the twenties is the ______ phase of adult development.
novice
True or false: According to Levinson, his stages, transitions, and the crisis of middle age apply to both men and women.
True
According to Levinson, a person between the ages of 28 and 33 is faced with which of the following tasks?
determining life goals
At what age does Vaillant see an adult reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years?
forties
Based on Levinson's work, which of the following is NOT a major conflict that an adult male must come to grips with during the transition to middle adulthood?
Being ambitious versus being satisfied with life as it stands
The contemporary life-events approach claims that how a life event influences an individual's development depends not only on the event but also on which of the following?
the
life-stage context
mediating factors
the individual's adaptation to the life event
Which of the following is a criticism of Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life?
The original Levinson data included no females.
Jacob, who is 45, has amassed a lot of wealth but has not done anything to benefit the next generation. According to Erikson, he may be in a state of
stagnation
As compared to Vaillant, Levinson views midlife as a
crisis
_____ characteristics such as introversion or extroversion are present in most individuals and are stable throughout the life span.
personality
Which of the following is NOT a belief attributed to the contemporary life-events approach?
The stress of life events alone influences a person's development.
Which of the following Big Five factors have been shown to peak between 40 and 60 years of age and decrease in late adulthood?
extraversion
openness
agreeableness
conscientiousness
extraversion
openness
agreeableness
According to Erikson, what causes people to feel stagnation in life?
when they believe they have done nothing for the next generation
According to recent research, the Big Five personality factors that predicted higher mortality risk included which two of the following?
Neuroticism
Low conscientiousness
A common finding is that the _____ time between measurements of personality characteristics, the more stability they show.
less
Tony has recently experienced the death of his wife in a hit-and-run car accident. He has a very close network of friends and family who are there to support him. Tony is a yoga instructor and has a well-established coping strategy when he is stressed. What would the contemporary life-events approach say about Tony and his experience?
Tony will be affected by his wife's death but not as negatively as someone without a similar level of social support and coping strategies.
The research by Costa and McCrae assessed ______ in adulthood.
personality
According to recent research, having a higher level of the Big Five personality factor ______ predicted greater longevity in older adults.
conscientiousness
According to a recent meta-analysis of stability and change, which of the following Big Five factors of personality showed a continuous increase from early adulthood to late adulthood?
Conscientiousness
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