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Growth, Nutrition, and Metabolism
Terms in this set (507)
A man succumbed to vibriosis due to a combination of swimming in the ocean before a tattoo was completely healed and an underlying condition of liver disease. In this case the tattoo was a ______ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium causing the infection.
portal of entry
The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building blocks of cellular components and processes is
Nutrition
Which is the best term for any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth?
Nutrient
All living things have an absolute need for , such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
bioelements
Any element or molecule that must be provided to an organism is called a(n) nutrient.
Essential
Incomplete healing of a tattoo led to a case of vibriosis because the tattoo site was a of for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium.
portal, entry
______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures.
Nutrition
What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?
Micronutrient
Are essential chemical substances that must be consumed for normal cellular metabolism and growth
Nutrients
are chemical substances, such as sugars or amino acids, that are required in large quantities by cells.
macronutrients
Which of the following are bioelements?
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
hydroge
Micronutrients (zinc, manganese) that are required by cells in small amounts are termed
elements.
trace
An essential nutrient is any element or compound that an organism
must get from a source outside its cells.
The function of micronutrients, or trace elements is(are):
maintenance of protein structure
proper enzyme function
Any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal, is termed a(n)
Micronutrient
Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients.
organic
Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells?
Macronutrient
Living organisms obtain nutrients from ________ sources.
both organic and inorganic sources
Micronutrients such as zinc and manganese that are required by cells in small amounts are termed trace
Elements
Natural organic nutrients are usually the product of which of the following?
living organisms
Examples of _______ nutrients include magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate, carbon dioxide, and water.
Inorganic
________ play an important role in enzyme function and protein structure.
Micronutrients
Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are called nutrients.
organic
Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from and compounds
organic; inorganic
Which of the following are the two most prevalent chemical components of a cell?
water
protein
molecules, which contain carbon, are nearly always the products of living organisms.
organic
are the organic compound found in the highest concentration in a cell.
Proteins
A(n) nutrient is composed of an element or elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
inorganic
Which of the following elements compose about 97% of a cell?
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients
organic
The element is represented by the letter N in CHONPS
Nitrogen
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the chemical composition of cells?
The most prevalent organic compound is nucleic acids.
Which of the following is the most prevalent organic compound found in cells?
Proteins
True or false: About 97% of the cell is composed of 6 elements.
True
Which element is represented by P in CHONPS?
Phosphorous
Which element is represented by N in CHONPS?
Nitrogen
The element is represented by the letter C in CHONPS.
Carbon
The element is represented by the letter S in CHONPS.
Sulfur
Which organism relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?
Heterotroph
The element is represented by the letter P in CHONPS.
Phosphorus
Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as ______, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as ______.
phototrophs
chemotrophs
Which element is represented by C in CHONPS?
Carbon
Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and ______.
lipids
Which element is represented by S in CHONPS?
Sulfur
In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, microbes can utilize as a source of essential nutrients.
nucleic acids
True or false: Proteins are organic macronutrients that can satisfy a heterotrophs need for carbon.
True
An organism which acquires energy by metabolizing the nutrients from other organisms is called a(n) ____________.
heterotroph
Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source?
Heterotroph
In addition to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, microbes require as a macronutrient source.
Carbohydrates
In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, microbes can utilize as a source of essential nutrients. (one word)
lipids
A(n) microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.
lithoautotrophic
Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and ______ acids.
nucleic
bacteria lack the ability to synthesize some necessary organic compounds and will only grow if specific nutrients are provided.
fastidious
The majority of carbon compounds that a cell requires are:
Organic
A factor is an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet
Growth
Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration?
Phototrophs
Macronutrients in cells include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ______.
carbohydrates
Autotrophs can generate energy from which of the following?
Sun light
Simple, non-living chemical reactions
What term is used to describe organisms that can generate their own food from inorganic compounds?
Autotrophs
An autotrophic organism that utilizes light for energy and carbon dioxide primarily as a carbon source is specifically termed a
photoautotrophs
What is the term that describes bacteria that are unable to synthesize all of the organic compounds needed for survival?
fastidious
Photosynthesis that results in the production of oxygen is referred to as photosynthesis.
Oxygenic
What term is used to describe an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet?
Growth factor
Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is known as ________ photosynthesis.
Anoxygenic
A -troph is an organism that uses the sun's light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration.
Photo
Microorganisms that use inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon are specifically termed
chemoautotroph
Autotrophs are special because
They can use fairly "free" energy sources to make sugar
Any microbe that uses photosynthesis to feed is specifically referred to as a(n) .
Phototroph
Which is a type of chemoautotroph that produces methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide?
methanogens
_______ photosynthesis produces oxygen.
Oxygenic
What term is used to describe organisms which derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds?
Chemoheterotroph
Photosynthesis that does not utilize or produce oxygen is referred to as photosynthesis.
anoxygenic
Organisms that require organic compounds for their carbon and energy needs are known as:
heterotrophs
Which microorganism uses inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon?
Chemoautotrophs
The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called .
Aerobic respiration
Methanogens are
chemoorganic autotrophs
archaea
A -troph derives both energy and carbon from organic compounds.
chemohetero
A heterotroph that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms is also called a(n) .
saprobe
Organic compounds are the carbon and energy source for heterotrophs.
True
When a normally nonpathogenic saprobe causes infection in a compromised host, it is referred to as a(n) pathogen.
Opportunistic
Microorganisms that use inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon are specifically termed .
chemoautotroph
_______ involves the complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
Aerobic respiration
Organisms that derive nutrients from the living hosts are called _______.
parasite
Any microorganism that causes disease is a(n) _______.
pathogen
What term is used to describe organisms that decompose organic remains from dead organisms as an energy source?
Saprobe
An organism that is unable to grow outside of a living host is referred to as a(n) intracellular parasite.
Obligate
______ pathogens are usually nonpathogenic microbes that cause disease in a compromised host.
Opportunistic
Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell?
Cell membrane
A is any organism that obtains its nutrients from the cells or tissues by taking them from another living host.
Parasite
The speed and continuous movement of atoms and molecules is largely controlled by ________.
temperature
A is any microorganism that causes disease.
pathogen
Which of the following is the movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution?
diffusion
A(n) _________ is unable to grow outside of a living host.
obligate parasite
is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration.
Osmosis
A(n) permeable membrane can allow specific compounds into the cell and/or out of the cell.
selectively
The cell is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell.
membrane
Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell?
Isotonic
True or false: All atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases.
True
The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution is termed .
diffusion
A solution which is will cause a cell to swell with water.
hypotonic
Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
Which type of solution contains a higher concentration of solutes?
Hypertonic
Membranes that only allow certain compounds into or out of the cell are called ______.
Selective
-lysis occurs to a bacterial cell when it loses water due to an environment that has far more solutes outside the cell compared to inside.
Plasmo
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a membrane is .
Isotonic
Organisms with cell walls become _______ in a hypotonic solution because the cell wall prevents them from bursting.
turgid
The cell controls diffusion of most substances into and out of the cell.
Membrane
If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move?
Into the cell by osmosis
During facilitated diffusion, molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of carriers
proteins
If a cell loses water after being placed into a particular solution, what is true regarding the osmolarity of the solution?
The solution is hypertonic relative to the cell.
True or false: Each different carrier protein can only bind and transport a certain molecule.
True
Bacterial cells placed in a solution where the concentration of solute within the cytoplasm is less than that of the extracellular solution would undergo ______.
Plasmolysis
In transport, the cell supplies energy for compounds to move into or out of the cell.
active
A cell that has become swollen due to the influx of water is referred to as
Turgid
The diffusion of materials into a cell is largely controlled by which structure?
cell membrane
ATP is required in - transport used to transport certain sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and phosphate into the cell.
Carrier
Mediated
Active
Which of the following would move across the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?
glucose
In the specific process of , active transport is achieved by coupling the transport of a nutrient with its conversion to a substance that is immediately useful to the cell.
group
translocation
What term is used to describe the "best" temperature to support a microbe's
growth?
Multiple choice question.
Optimal temperature
Carrier proteins exhibit , which means they can only transport certain molecules.
specificity
White blood cells and amoebas transport large particles and other cells through .
phagocytosis
Which of the following is a cellular transport system that requires cellular energy?
Active transport
Gradual adjustment and evolutionary change that allows microbes to survive in their environment is known as _______.
adaptation
The range of temperatures for microbial growth is expressed as three temperatures.
ardinal
_______ active transport requires ATP to transport specific sugars, amino acids, and vitamins into the cell.
Carrier-mediated
The temperature is the highest temperature at which an organism will grow.
maximum
When a molecule is moved across a membrane and is simultaneously converted into a metabolically active substance, ________ has occurred.
group translocation
is the act of successfully adjusting to a new environment.
Adaptation
Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions?
psychorphile
Which of the following is a NOT a cardinal temperature related to microbial growth?
Niche temperature
Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called ______.
Psychrotrophs
The temperature is the lowest temperature at which an organism will grow.
minimum
Because mesophilic bacteria have an optimal temperature of ° Celsius (same as human body temperature), they are the largest group of medically important microorganisms.
37
The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell's temperature.
Optimal
Microorganisms that are normally mesophiles, but can handle short exposures to high temperatures are called microbes.
thermoduric
From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms?
Frozen food
Where would a thermophilic microorganism be found?
In natural hot springs
_______ can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles.
Psychrotrophs
Facultative psychrophiles
Choose the temperature range of most mesophilic microorganisms.
20°C-40°C
Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods?
Thermoduric microbes
A is a microorganism, such as an archaean, that thrives at extremely high temperatures (above 80°C-110°C).
Hyperthermophiles
Microorganisms that prefer hot environments in the range of 45°C to 80°C are called -philes.
thermo
The two atmospheric gases that have the greatest impact on microbial growth are and .
oxygen
carbon
dioxide
Hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen by the enzyme _______.
Multiple choice question.
catalase
Based upon the descriptions, identify the tube growing the obligate anaerobe
tube with heavy growth toward the bottom
Microorganisms which prefer extremely hot environments (80°C-110°C) are called ___
hyperthermophile
What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive?
Obligate aerobe
The atmospheric gases that most influence microbial growth are:
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Which is FALSE regarding a facultative anaerobe?
The electron transport system is non-functional
The enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide formed during aerobic respiration to water and oxygen.
catalase
What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Anaerobic
An is a microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products.
aerobe or aerobic
A(n) aerobe, or strictly aerobic organism, requires oxygen for survival.
Obligate
A strict or anaerobic microorganism requires the absence of oxygen for survival.
Obligate
A sealed jar filled with nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide can be used to cultivate bacteria.
anaerobic
A(n) anaerobe is capable of growing in aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Facultative
____________ _________ do not use oxygen gas but are not affected by its presence.
Aerotolerant anaerobes
A(n) is any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen. (one word)
anaerobe or anaerobic
What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways?
Tube with heavy growth toward the bottom
A(n) is an organism that prefers carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere.
Capnophile
A sealed jar filled with nitrogen gas can be used to cultivate
anaerobes
An organism that does not use oxygen gas, but can survive and grow in its presence is referred to as a(n) .
Aerotolerant anaerobe
are organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7.
Neutrophiles
A(n) is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium.
Osmophile
Which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt?
Halophile
An organism that requires carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere is called a ______.
capnophile
are organisms which thrive in the pressure of deep ocean depths.
barophiles
Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms?
Symbiosis
What term is used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7?
Neutrophiles
Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration?
Osmophile
Which of the following describes a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit?
Mutualism
A(n) specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth.
halophile
is the process by which a change in one symbiotic partner leads to a change in the other, which may in turn lead to change in the first partner, and these changes can continue to occur over time.
coevolution
What term is used to describe organisms that exist at deep ocean depths?
Barophiles
is the term used to describe a situation where organisms gain mutual benefit from their association but can survive independently outside the partnership.
Cooperation
is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members.
Symbiosis, Symbiotic, or Symbioses
is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one species derives benefit without harming the other.
commensalism
is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit.
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits at the expense of another is termed ____.
parasitism
A genetic or evolutionary change in one symbiotic partner that leads to a genetic or evolutionary change in the other symbiotic partner is known as ________.
coevolution
A situation where a microbe spends all or most of its life cycle inside a host cell is called parasitism.
obligate, intracellular
A nondependent form of mutualism, where both partners can survive independently outside the relationship is called ______.
cooperation
Which relationships do not require a close association between microbes?
amensalism
syntrophy
Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed?
Commensalism
A beneficial relationship involving communal feeding between organisms sharing a habitat is called .
Syntrophy
is a relationship between two organisms where the host is harmed and the colonizer benefits.
Parasitism or Parasitic
An association where a parasite spends all or most of its life cycle gaining nutrients and support within a host cell is called ______ parasitism.
obligate intracellular
Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment?
Amensalism
Which relationship does not require a particularly close association between microbes or between microbes and other organisms?
Amensalism
Antibiotics released by one microbe to inhibit or kill other microbes demonstrates an antagonistic relationship called .
Amensalism
In one form of amensalism, microbes release specific chemicals called ______ into the environment to inhibit or kill other microbes.
Antibiotics
A relationship in which the products given off by one organism are usable as nutrients for another organism is called ______.
syntrophy
A is a complex association of microorganisms in which the members are bound to each other and a substrate by an extracellular matrix.
Biofilm
A relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as .
antagonism
True or false: Biofilms are very common.
True
The normal resident bacteria found in or on the human body are collectively called the ______.
microbiota
When organisms attach to a substrate and secrete an extracellular matrix, a _______ is formed.
biofilm
sensing is the ability of some microbes to detect the number of other microbes and act accordingly.
Quorum
Most microbes on earth live in a complex, organized association known as a(n) _________.
biofilm
Molecules released by members of the biofilm that accumulate as the population grows and stimulate gene expression in its members are called molecules.
inducer
A(n) _______ is a critical number of cells required to release inducer molecules in order to form a biofilm.
quorum
The bacteria that normally inhabit the skin, GI tract, and other body sites are also referred to as normal resident
Flora
Bacteria reproduce by fission.
binary
Which terminology describes the ability of some microbes to detect the numbers of other microbes and alter their behavior?
Quorum sensing
In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its time.
generation
In a normal bacterial growth curve, what quantity is represented on the x-axis?
Time
What are the compounds that are released by members of a biofilm that accumulates as the population grows and stimulate gene expression in its members?
Inducer molecules
Escherichia coli has a generation time of 20 minutes. If 1 million parent cells were placed in a flask of sterile nutrient broth and incubated under optimal growth conditions, approximately how many cells would be present in the broth after 1 hour?
8 million
A critical number of members required in a group, such as a minimum number of cells in a population, is referred to as a(n) .
quorum
After a bacterial culture acclimates to a medium, the bacteria will divide in what type of pattern?
Exponential
Which is FALSE regarding binary fission?
It leads to genetic variation.
Which term describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide?
Multiple choice question.
Generation time
What term is used to describe a graphical representation of a change in population size over time?
Growth curve
True or false: The rate of growth in a bacterial culture can be measured in hours, days, or weeks depending upon the species.
True
What common term describes the single bacterium in an original sample that gives rise to a colony on a plate?
Colony forming unit
Cell population growth can be represented by the number ______ with an exponent, where the exponent increases by ______ in each generation.
Multiple choice question.
2; 1
The correct order for the phases of a normal population growth curve is
lag, log, stationary, death
Which set of numbers describe bacterial growth after the culture has acclimated to the medium's conditions?
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
phase is when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow.
Lag
Limited growth during the lag phase of a growth curve is due to the need for cells to
...
During the phase of microbial growth, numbers of cells are difficult to count because cells are adjusting to growth media, they have not reached their maximum growth rate, and the overall number of cells is sparse.
lag
A curve is a graphical representation of the change in population size over time.
growth
The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the growth phase.
exponential
unit is a term used to describe a single bacterium that gave raise to an entire colony.
Colony
forming
phase of bacterial cell growth is when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying.
stationary
Put the phases of a normal population growth curve in order.
Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase
Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve?
Little increase in cell numbers
Limited growth during the lag phase of a growth curve is due to the need for cells to
Multiple choice question.
synthesize new enzymes to metabolize nutrients in the culture media.
In which phase of bacterial growth are far more
cells dividing than dying?
Multiple choice question.
Exponential
During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells?
Stationary phase
Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing?
Death
What term is used to describe a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize cell cultures?
Chemostat
The term describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture.
turbid or turbidity
Enumeration of bacteria can be achieved by the cell count, in which a cell suspension in a chamber is viewed under the microscope.
direct
The phase of bacterial cell growth is when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying.
Stationary
True or false: A Coulter counter can differentiate between living and dead or gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.
False
The phase of the population growth curve involves very little cell division and an exponential decline in numbers.
Death
A is a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize the growth rate and cell number of cultures.
chemostat
Identify the ways that salt and/or sugar inhibit microbial growth.
-Increasing osmotic pressure
-Reducing the water activity needed for survival and growth
-Conversion to compounds with anti-microbial activity
-Weakening the molecular structure of DNA
What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture?
Turbidity
The count is obtained using a procedure that involves counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically using a special calibrated slide with a premeasured grid.
Direct cell
A high level of blood alcohol caused by reactions in the small intestine that use carbohydrates to produce alcohol causes ______ syndrome.
gut fermentation
A electronically scans a culture as it passes through a tiny pipette in order to obtain a cell count, but cannot differentiate between living and dead cells..
Coulter
counter
Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing?
Multiple choice question.
Death
The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed .
metabolism or metaballein
Salt or sugar can be used to increase ______ that will restrict the growth of bacteria in foods.
Multiple choice question.
osmotic pressure
refers to the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism, usually with the release of energy.
Catabolism
In very rare instances of intoxication, yeast in the small intestine can convert dietary carbohydrates to alcohol, a situation called gut syndrome.
fermentation
A(n) is a biological catalyst.
enzyme
The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?
Both anabolic and catabolic
Most enzymes are a functional type of (a type of macromolecule).
protein
Which of the following is the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?
Catabolism
Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as a catalyst?
Proteins
Composed principally of amino acids, ______ act as biological catalysts, facilitating metabolic activities of the cell.
enzymes
Which statement is FALSE regarding enzymes?
Create reactions
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of .
activation
Which best describes the function of enzymes?
Facilitate metabolic pathways
Which is NOT a method of overcoming activation energy in any reaction?
Decreasing the substrate concentration
An enzyme acts as a biological that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction.
catalyst
Enzymes are indispensable for life because they
can speed up the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction by up to 100 trillion fold.
What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed?
Activation energy
Enzymes typically lower the energy needed for a reaction to proceed.
activation
The is the term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts.
substrate
Identify any of the following which could INCREASE the rate of an enzymatic reaction which is currently not at optimal conditions.
-Decrease temperature slightly
-Increase temperature slightly
-Increase substrate(s) concentration
-Increase enzyme concentration
Typically, the presence of enzymes ____ the activation energy for a reaction to proceed.
lowers
What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act?
Multiple choice question.
Substrate
Enzymes are typically ____ than substrates.
larger
Typically, once an enzyme performs a "job", it is
ready to "work" again
A non-functional enzyme which needs a cofactor is called a(n) .
apoenzyme
A(n) enzyme consists of protein alone, while a(n) enzyme (or holoenzyme) consists of protein and nonprotein components.
simple
conjugated
Substrates are generally than the enzymes to which they bind.
smaller
For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must ______.
bind to a cofactor
Which of the following is needed for an apoenzyme to be fully functional?
Cofactor
Which of the following statements about enzymes are true?
-Enzymes bind their
substrate but are not changed in the reaction.
-Enzymes lower the energy of activation for the reaction that they catalyze.
-Enzymes are not consumed in the reaction they catalyze.
What term refers to a biological catalyst that lacks an essential cofactor?
Multiple choice question.
Apoenzyme
Which of the following represent cofactors?
Metal ions
Coenzymes
Small organic molecules
An enzyme with another molecule, such as a metal or vitamin cofactor, bound covalently to it is termed a(n) _______.
conjugated enzyme
A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n) .
Ribozymes
An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n) , or a conjugated enzyme.
Haloenzyme
Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their for a particular substrate.
specificity
A(n) is an organic molecule or inorganic element that may be required for an enzyme to become functional.
cofactor
Which best defines an active site?
Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds
Which of the following could not be a cofactor?
Organic acids
Besides proteins, which type of molecule has been shown to have catalytic activity?
RNA
Which aspect of an enzyme's structure gives rise to the specificity for its substrate?
Folding to produce a 3-D structure
Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique?
Active site
The site is the region on an enzyme that binds substrate.
active
Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) " and key" interaction.
lock
Slight changes occur in the shape of the enzyme in order to guide the substrate into the active site. This is referred to as a(n) .
induced
fit
The bonds that form enzyme-substrate complexes are and easily reversible.
weak
An enzyme's site is unique for each substrate.
active
Often derived from vitamins, a ______ is a type of cofactor that will act in conjunction with an enzyme to carry out activity.
coenzyme
When combined with its apoenzyme, a(n) is an organic compound that functions to move (carry) functional groups from one substrate to another.
coenzyme
Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions?
Lock-and-key
When a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site, often an _____ occurs which brings the substrate tightly within the active site pocket.
induced fit
Enzymes bond _____ with their substrate.
weakly
A complex organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, that acts in conjunction with an enzyme is known as a(n) .
Coenzyme
are principle components of coenzymes and this is why they are important components of our diet.
Vitamins
Which of the following acts as a carrier to move a chemical group from one substrate molecule to another?
Coenzyme
A(n) describes any enzyme that works outside a cell in which it was produced.
exoenzyme
A(n) describes any enzyme that works within a cell in which it was produced.
Exoenzyme
A(n) enzyme describes an enzyme present in constant amounts regardless of the presence of substrate.
Constitutive
Which of the following is the most common component of coenzymes?
Multiple choice
question.
Vitamins
A(n) enzyme describes an enzyme that is not always present in the cell since its production responds to changes in concentration of substrate or product.
regulated, inducible, or repressible
What term is used to describe enzymes which work outside the cell?
Exoenzymes
What term is used to describe enzymes which work within the cell that produces them?
Endoenzymes
Most condensation reactions require an input of and result in a loss of .
energy
water
What name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations?
Constitutive enzymes
Reactions that involve the breaking of bonds and an input of water are called ______ reactions.
Hydrolysis
Which is NOT a physical condition needed for optimal function of an enzyme?
Substrate concentration
The regulated enzymes
is produced in response to changes in substrate or product concentration.
Most condensation reactions involve the loss of:
water
Labile means which of the following?
Chemically unstable
The digestion of larger substrates into smaller molecules, involving the use of water, is usually the result of reactions.
Hydrolysis
The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein .
Denaturation
Which of the following can result in the denaturation of enzymes?
Chemicals
High temperatures
Changes in pH
A(n) enzyme describes an If internal cellular enzymes are denatured, it can lead to:
cell death
Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require
one enzyme
Compounds are called when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment.
labile
One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to
have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product
What term is used to describe proteins losing their three dimensional structure as a consequence of changes in the environmental conditions such as excessive heat or salt?
Denaturation
The product of one reaction may act as the for the next reaction in a metabolic pathway.
...
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate .
enzyme
Often, regulation of metabolic pathways occurs with activation or repression of the -maker enzyme.
pace
True or false: Metabolic pathways are interconnected.
True
In inhibition, a molecule occupies the active site which prohibits the substrate from binding and therefore, inhibits the enzyme's activity on the substrate.
competative
In metabolic pathways, the products of one enzymatic reaction may act as the ________ for the next step in the pathway.
...
In metabolic pathways, the products of one enzymatic reaction may act as the ________ for the next step in the pathway.
Substrate
Metabolic pathways in which the starting molecule is regenerated through the series of reactions are called ______ pathways.
cyclic
What is the most common target when cells regulate metabolic pathways?
Pacemaker enzyme
Competitive inhibition decreases the activity of an enzyme by
Blocking the active site of the enzyme
Preventing the enzyme-substrate interaction
Inhibitors that share binding affinity with the substrate is termed a ______ inhibitor.
competitive
The regulatory site of an enzyme can also be referred to as the site.
allosteric
Most competitive inhibitors found in cells are
products of metabolic pathways
When the starting molecule of a biochemical pathway is regenerated through the series of connected reactions, it is referred to as a(n) pathway.
cyclic
Negative feedback is a process that ______ enzyme activity when a certain concentration of ______ is produced.
decreases; product
An inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site and controls enzyme activity is called a ____ inhibitor.
noncompetitive
The terminology "enzyme repression" implies that the enzyme is
not longer being synthesized
The activity of an enzyme can be controlled through the binding of molecules to a site other than the active site that is called a(n) ______.
regulatory site
All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form.
Multiple choice question.
energy
In inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction.
competitive
Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions.
-Transferring electrons
-Making and breaking chemical bonds
A mechanism that can slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called feedback.
negative
In enzyme inhibition, a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site.
noncompetitive
The term enzyme refers to an inhibition of the genetic apparatus responsible for replacing the enzyme which results in a decrease in the number of enzyme molecules.
Repression
All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable .
Energy
Chemical reactions that release energy as they proceed are called reactions.
exergonic
Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical and the transfer of from one molecule to another.
Bonds, electrons
Chemical reactions that are driven forward with the addition of energy are called reactions.
endergonic
A chemical reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is referred to as a(n) ______ reaction.
exergonic
Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ______ reactions.
redox
Compounds that are oxidized will
lose electrons
A redox reaction involves the coupling of which two types of reactions?
Oxidation and reduction
A chemical reaction that requires energy to proceed is referred to as a(n) ______ reaction.
endergonic
The addition of a phosphate group is referred to as .
phosphorylation
Collective reactions which transfer hydrogens/electrons from one compound to another are termed reactions.
Redox
Using an abbreviated acronym, name any one of the common coenzymes acting as electron carriers in your cells: (Do not add the hydrogen to the end)
FAD
Oxidation reactions are coupled with reactions.
reduction
Which of the following couples (links) anabolic reactions with catabolic reactions?
ATP
In a redox reaction, one compound is and another compound is .
REDUCES, OXIDIZED
Which nitrogenous base is found in ATP?
Adenine
How many phosphate groups does ATP contain?
3
Which term is used to describe the addition of a phosphate group?
Phosphorylation
Which is NOT a common cellular coenzyme that carries electrons?
ADP
Which of the following sugars is part of the structure of ATP?
Ribose
is the energy currency of the cells, coupling energy releasing reactions with energy requiring reactions.
ATP
The nitrogenous base is a component of ATP.
adenine
The high energy of ATP is located in the bonds of the groups.
phosphate
ATP has phosphate groups. (number)
3
To form ADP, a total of phosphate bond(s) must be broken from ATP.
1
Which of the following is best associated with the electron transport system?
Oxidative phosphorylation
ATP contains an adenine linked to , a 5-carbon sugar.
ribose
Photosynthetic organisms use a sunlight-driven electron transport chain to generate ATP via ________.
photophosphorylation
The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called .
Bioenergetics
Where do you find the high energy bonds in a molecule of ATP?
The last phosphate groups
How many bonds must be broken in ADP to form AMP?
1
The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are , the cycle, and the chain.
Krebs cycle, glycolysis, respiratory chain
An electron transport system and chemiosmosis are used to produce ATP in non photosynthetic microorganisms via phosphorylation.
oxidative
Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways?
Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
Photosynthetic microorganisms produce ATP via using an electron transport system powered by light and water.
photophosphorylation
In respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor.
Aerobic
Which term is used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways?
Bioenergetics
Which is the primary pathway used by heterotrophic microorganisms to obtain energy?
Aerobic respiration
During the last steps of glycolysis, ATP is generated by phosphorylation
substrate
level
The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?
Kreb's cycle
Respiratory chain
Glycolysis
Which of the following compounds make the "best" electron donors in aerobic respiration?
Sugars
The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ______.
using or not using oxygen
The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed.
oxygen
Identify any of the following which serve as energy-poor products of aerobic respiration.
Water
CO2
Most heterotrophic organisms use respiration to obtain energy.
aerobic
What occurs in the last 3 steps of glycolysis?
ATP forms by substrate-level phosphorylation
are used as cellular energy sources because they are superior electron donors.
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is an energy-poor product of aerobic respiration?
Multiple choice question.
Both CO2 and water
Which is an energy-rich product of aerobic respiration?
ATP
Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis has enzymatic steps for glucose to be converted to two pyruvates. (number)
9
The first step in glycolysis is the of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate.
phosphorylation
(acronym) is the useful final product of aerobic respiration.
ATP
Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into -6-phosphate in the second reaction of glycolysis.
fructose
is the multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid.
Glycolysis
Why do the last five reactions of glycolysis occur twice for each glucose substrate?
Glucose is split into 2 intermediates at step 4
Glycolysis consists of how many steps?
9
Glycolysis provides a net gain of two ATP molecules through ______ phosphorylation.
substrate-level
What is the first step in glycolysis?
Phosphorylation of glucose
By the end of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two 3-carbon molecules.
pyruvic
acid
What happens to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?
Converted into fructose-6-phosphate
For each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, the last five reactions (of glycolysis) occur times.
2
The NET output of glycolysis is ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid molecules per glucose.
2
2
2
During glycolysis, ATP is made directly by - phosphorylation.
substrate
level
In strict aerobes and some anaerobes, pyruvic acid enters the , or citric acid, cycle.
Krebs
enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation where the active site is blocked by a molecule that resembles the true substrate.
competitive
At the end of glycolysis, the carbons from glucose are now located in
two pyruvic acids.
The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the .
mitochondrial cytosol
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the NET output is:
2 NADH
2 Pyruvic acid
2 ATP
Glycolysis provides a net gain of two ATP molecules through ______ phosphorylation.
Multiple choice question.
substrate-level
What is the typical "next step" for pyruvate at the end of glycolysis following normal aerobic or anaerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle
The atom is added to NAD to reduce it.
Hydrogen
The Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ of eukaryotic cells and the ______ of bacteria.
Multiple choice question.
mitochondrion; cytoplasm
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation results in the production of ______.
2 CO2
2 NADH
-CoA feeds directly into the Krebs cycle.
acetyl
During the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, electrons reduce .
NAD
At the end of glycolysis, the carbons from glucose are now located in
Multiple choice question.
two pyruvic acids.
The Kreb's cycle has steps.
8
During acetyl CoA formation CO2 and NADH are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis.
2
2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle produces:
2 ATP
4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
The first step of the Krebs cycle results in the formation of ________.
citric acid
The ATP generated in the Krebs cycle is produced by _________ phosphorylation.
substrate level
How many steps compose the Krebs cycle?
8
In the last step of the Krebs cycle, is dehydrogenated to produce which is then available to react with acetyl-CoA to start the cycle again.
malate
oxaloacetate
In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to along with hydrogen which results in the formation of .
oxygen or O2
water or H2O
During the Kreb's cycle CO2, FADH2, NADH, and ATP are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis.
4 or four
2 or two
6 or six
2 or two
The first step of the Krebs cycle is the formation of acid from acid and the acetyl group of acetyl CoA.
citric
oxaloacetic
The Krebs cycle generates ATP by phosphorylation.
substrate
level
Which Krebs cycle substrate is converted to oxaloacetate so that the cycle can begin again?
Malate
The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________.
O2
What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration?
Cytochrome
Which component of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from NADH?
Complex I
Complex II of of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called .
FADH2
A(n) is an iron containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration.
Cytochrome
Coenzyme Q is also known as , because it is very common in cells.
Ubiquinone
ATP synthase is principally composed of ______.
amino acids
What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Complex I in the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called .
NADH
Which group of iron-sulfur proteins in the electron transport chain accepts electrons from FADH2?
Complex II
Another name for Coenzyme Q is
Ubiquinone
Production of ATP occurs by the process of ______, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes.
chemiosmosis
ATP is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation.
synthase
The active pumping of hydrogen ions across the cristae membrane sets up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called the .
Proton motive force (PMF)
ATP is synthesized via phosphorylation during the electron transport phase of respiration.
Oxidative
If the membranes of the mitochondrion were permeable to protons then what would happen?
Loss of proton motive force
The charged gradient which is formed in the ETS results in the
proton motive force
In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
is the generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme.
Chemiosmosis
In bacteria, protons are moved from the cytoplasm to the space during chemiosmosis.
Periplasmic
As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production.
proton motive force
The electron transport chain is located in the ______ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ______ membrane of bacteria.
inner mitochondrial; plasma
The impermeability of the inner cristae membrane to is crucial for the maintenance of the chemiosmotic gradient.
protons
In eukaryotic cellular respiration, the charge gradient that exists between the inner and outer membranes during chemiosmosis is called proton motive force.
Mitochondrial
Which component of the electron transport system catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration?
Cytochromes a and a3
Protons can only cross the mitochondrial inner membrane through .
ATP synthase
Cyanide causes rapid death in humans and other eukaryotes because it terminates aerobic respiration by blocking cytochrome .
oxidase
In prokaryotes, the protons are pumped actively across the ______ membrane by the electron transport carriers.
cellular
At best, cells can generate ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.
38
The ETS is found embedded in the inner membrane of the of eukaryotes while the ETS is found embedded in the membrane of prokaryotes.
Mitochondria; cell
How many molecules of carbon dioxide are generated by the Krebs cycle for every glucose entering glycolysis?
6
The return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle is called .
denitrification
Cytochrome aa3, also known as , catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration.
cytochrome oxidase
What is the ecological benefit of denitrification?
Replenishes nitrogen in the atmosphere
Which compound blocks cytochrome oxidase, causing a termination of aerobic respiration and death?
Cyanide
Fermentation results in the production of ______ ATPs than aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
less
What is the maximum
yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?
Multiple choice question.
38
Eventually, carbon dioxide molecules will be produced from one molecule of glucose by the end of respiration.
6
The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas by some species of bacteria is called ________.
Denitrification
The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called .
ermentation
is an important process that is involved in the recycling the nitrogen contained in organisms back into the biosphere.
Denitrification
Aerobic respiration requires , whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule.
oxygen
Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation?
Organic compounds
When supplies have been depleted in human muscle cells, ATP can be produced by acid fermentation for short periods of time.
oxygen; lactic
Which is NOT associated with fermentation?
Multiple choice question.
Oxygen
Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system?
Fermentation
Typically, ATP are netted by fermentation.
2
True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor.
True
When would human cells use fermentation as opposed to respiration to produce ATP?
When oxygen is low
Consider the simplified aerobic respiration formula: Sugar + O2 --> ATP + CO2 + Heat ( is simply NOT part of the fermentation pathway)
oxygen
Fermentation allows survival and growth in the absence of and allows colonization of environments.
oxygen anaerobic
Which is NOT an advantage of fermentation to microbial survival and
growth?
Multiple choice question.
Promotes growth in oxygen-rich areas of the host
How many net ATP are generated during fermentation?
2
What adaptation explains how some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast as they would in the presence of oxygen?
Increased rate of glycolysis
The end product of fermentation by human muscle cells is .
lactic acid
Identify two different fermentation pathways.
Alcoholic fermentation
Acidic fermentation
Some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast under anaerobic conditions as they do in aerobic conditions due to the increase in (ATP generating metabolic process) that fermentation provides.
glycolysis
Human cells can
use both aerobic respiration and fermentation pathways
True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor.
True false question.
True
After the generation of pyruvate, pyruvate is converted into which is typically reduced to form ethanol during alcohol fermentation.
Acetaldehyde
The two general categories of fermentation pathways are and fermentation.
alcoholic or alcohol
acidic or acid
Which is typically reduced to form ethanol during fermentation?
Acetaldehyde
After glycolysis, which is the initial step in alcoholic fermentation?
Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde
During fermentation, (NAD or NADH) is oxidized to form (NAD or NADH).
NADH
NAD
In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde which is then converted to .
ethanol
Which type of acidic fermentation produces mixed acid products?
Heterolactic
Which type of fermentation best describes degradation of pyruvic acid that results in the production of some combination of lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids?
Mixed acid
Which occurs during fermentation?
NADH is oxidized to NAD
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol fermentation within cells?
Several different alcohols can be produced
The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of fermentation.
Heterolactic
In mixed acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into some combination of
lactic acid
acetic acid
formic acid
succinic acid
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol fermentation within cells?
Multiple choice question.
Several different alcohols can be produced
Alcoholic fermentation in bacteria could result in the production of:
...
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