A(n) ____ model represents a global view of the database as viewed by the entire organization

Information implies familiarity, awareness, and understanding knowledge as it applies to an environment.

Database programming languages receive all application requests and translate them into the complex operations required to fulfill those requests.

Structural dependence exists when it is possible to make changes in the file structure without affecting the application program’s ability to access the data.

One advantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is that the database system is considerably less complex.

Acurate, relevant, and timely information is the key to ____.

___________ exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places.

Most decision-support data are based on historical data obtained from ____.

An implementation-ready data model should contain a description of the data structure that will store the end-user data.

Within the database environment, a data model represents data structures with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain

Business rules apply to businesses and government groups, but not to other types of organizations such as religious groups or research laboratories.

The entity relationship model is limited to conceptual modeling, with no implementation component.

Which of the following is true of business rules?
a. They allow the designer to set company policies with regard to data. b. They allow the designer to develop business processes. c. They can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers. d. They provide a framework for the company’s self actualization

c. They can serve as a communication tool between the users and designers.

In the ____ model, the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships, where each record can have more than one parent.

A(n) ____ enables a database administrator to define schema components.

Data Definition Language DDL

describe a conceptual model and its advantages.  What is the most widely used conceptual model?

The conceptual model represents a global view of the entire database by the entire organization. that is, the conceptual model integrates all external views (entities, relationships, constraints, and processes) into a single global view of the data in the enterprise. Most widely used is ER. Provides Birds eye view. Independent of software and hardware. 

he practical significance of taking the logical view of a database is that it serves as a reminder of the simple file concept of data storage

Because the relational model uses attribute values to establish relationships among tables, many database users correctly assume that the term relation refers to such relationships.

A null is created when you press the Enter key or the Tab key to move to the next entry without making a prior entry of any kind.

Depending on the sophistication of the application development software, nulls can create problems when functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, and SUM are used.

Tables must have the same attribute characteristics (the columns and domains must be compatible) to be used in a UNION.

A left outer join on tables CUSTOMER and AGENT yields all of the rows in the CUSTOMER table, including those that do not have a matching value in the AGENT table.

The one-to-many (1:M) relationship is easily implemented in the relational model by putting the foreign key of the “1” side in the table of the “many” side as a primary key.

The relational database model enables you to view data ____ rather than ____.

In the relational model, ____ are important because they are used to ensure that each row in a table is uniquely identifiable.

In the context of a database table, the statement “A ____ B” indicates that if you know the value of attribute A, you can look up the value of attribute B.

A CUSTOMER table’s primary key is CUS_CODE. The CUSTOMER primary key column has no null entries, and all entries are unique. This is an example of ____ integrity.

The ____ constraint can be placed on a column to ensure that every row in the table has a value for that column.

A(n) ____ is an ordered arrangement of keys and pointers.

Describe in detail why nulls are problematic in relational database.

A null is the absence of data and is never allowed in primary key. It throws off counts and prevents information from being linked properly.

Data and information are essentially the same thing.

Data processing can be as simple as organizing data to reveal patterns.

Data is the result of processing raw facts to reveal its meaning.

When data are entered into a form and saved, they are placed in the underlying database as knowledge.

Data constitute the building blocks of information.

Metadata describe the data characteristics and the set of relationships that links the data found within the database

The only way to access the data in a database is through the DBMS

The DBMS reveals much of the database’s internal complexity to the application programs and users.

  One disadvantage of the DBMS is that it increases the risk of data security breaches.

An operational database is sometimes referred to as an enterprise database

A data warehouse can store data derived from many sources.

The same data might be simultaneously structured and unstructured depending on the intended processing

Corporations use only structured data

Field refers to a collection of related records 

Data anomaly is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions

An advantage of database systems is that you needn’t perform frequent updates and apply latest patches

1.    One disadvantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is increased costs.

One advantage of a database system over previous data management approaches is that the database system is considerably less complex

is the result of revealing the meaning of raw facts

is the body of information and facts about a specific subject

Raw facts of interest to the end user 

        provide a description of the data characteristics and the set of relationships that link the data found within the database.

1.              serve as the intermediary between the user and the database.

The database structure in a DBMS is stored as a ______

A(n)          might be written by a programmer or it might be created through a DBMS utility program.

1.              refer to a type of database that stores most of its data in RAM rather than in hard disks.

1.    The response of the DBMS to a query is the        .

A(n)          database is used by an organization and supports many users across many departments.

1.    A(n)          database supports a relatively small number of users (usually fewer than 50) or a specific department within an organization.

1.    A workgroup database is a(n)          database.

        is defined as the condition in which all of the data in the database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions.

A desktop database is a          database.

Data warehouse contains historical data obtained from the      .

1.    Data is said to be verifiable if:

the data always yields consistent results 

        data exist in the format in which they were collected.

data exist in a format that does not lend itself to processing that yields information.

1.            are the result of formatting disorganized data in order to facilitate storage, use and generation of information.

Most data that can be encountered are best classified as          .

Which of the following is true of spreadsheet applications?

They enhance the user's ability to understand data 

1.    An XML database supports the storage and management of      XML data.

The organization of data within folders in a manual file system is determined by

The title of the documents in the folder 

1.    A          is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.

1.    A          is a logically connected set of one or more fields that describes a person, place, or thing.

A

is a collection of related records

A

is a character or group of characters that has a specific meaning

Which of the following refers to the situation where different versions of the same data are stored at different places because they weren’t updated consistently?

1.    The term          refers to an organization of components that define and regulate the collection, storage, management and use of data within a database environment.

1.            relates to the activities that make the database execute transactions more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.

1.            is the result of processing raw data to reveal its meaning.

1.    To reveal meaning, information requires      .

1.    Raw data must be properly        for storage, processing and presentation.

1.    Information is produced by processing      .

1.            is data about data through which the end-user data are integrated and managed.

1.    A(n)          is a collection of programs that manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in the database.

1.    A(n)          is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation.

1.            databases focus primarily on storing data used to generate information required to make tactical or strategic decisions.

1.            is a special language used to represent and manipulate data elements in a textual format.

1.    A(n)          is a spur-of-the-moment question.

1.                exists when it is possible to make changes in the data storage characteristics without affecting an application program’s ability to access data.

The term          refers to scattered locations storing the same basic data.

1.            exists when different and conflicting versions of the same data appear in different places.

1.            exists when the same data are stored unnecessarily at different places.

1.    A(n)          develops when all required changes in the redundant data are not made successfully.

1.    The DBMS uses the          to look up the required data component structures and relationships, thus relieving programmers from having to code such complex relationships in each program.

1.            relates to activities that make a database operate more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed.

Essay

Describe what metadata are and what value they provide to the database system.

Describe characteristics of data and set of relationships. It provides information that compliments. 

Essay

    What are the advantages of having the DBMS between the end user’s applications and the database?

Enables the database to be shared among multiple applications and users. Integrates views into a single all encompassing repository 

Discuss some considerations when designing a database.

Proper database design requires the designer to identify precisely the database's expected use. Transactional speed consistency. Warehouse historical agregated The integrated data must be decomposed to its constituent parts.

what are some reasons for studying file systems

A brief explanation of the evolution of file system data processing can help in understanding the data access limitations that databases atempt to overcome.  understanding these limitations is relevant to database designers and developers because database technologies do not make these problems magically disappear --- database technologies simply make it easier to create solutions that avoid these problems. 

Essay

What are the problems associated with file systems? How do they challenge the types of information that can be created from the data as well as the accuracy of the information?

Lengthy development time (programming) Difficulty getting quick answers (programming all req) Complex system administration Lack of security limited data sharing Extensive programming

Essay Describe the 5 types of users of database

System admin- general ops Database admin- database is functioning properly Database design- architects System analyst and programmers implement application programs end users- use the stuff

Disadvantages of database systems?

1. increased cost due to the need for sophisticated hardware, software and highly trained personnel. 2. Management complexity database systems have a significant impact on a company's resource and culture. 3. to maximize efficiency, the system must be kept current. 4. Vendor dependence: companies may be reluctant to change vendors due to the time and money spent on personnel training and technology. 5. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles: vendors frequently upgrade their products..

Essay Discuss any three functions performed by the database

Data dictionary- DBMS stores all definitions and programs access definitions through DBMS Data storage management- DBMS relieves programmer from automatically programming storage sectors Data transformation- Spit answers in a logical way based on query

1.  A data model is usually graphical.

An implementation-ready data model needn't necessarily contain enforceable rules to guarantee the integrity of the data.

An implementation-ready data model should contain a description of the data structure that will store the end-user data.

Within the database environment, a data model represents data structures with the purpose of supporting a specific problem domain.

Even when a good database blueprint is available, an applications programmer’s view of the data should match that of the manager and the end user.

In the context of data models, an entity is a person, place, thing, or event about which data will be collected and stored.

Database designers determine the data and information that yield the required understanding of the entire business.

Business rules must be rendered in writing.

In an SQL-based relational database, each table is dependent on every other table.

In an SQL-based relational database, rows in different tables are related based on common values in common attributes.

A disadvantage of the relational database management system (RDBMS) is its inability to hide the complexities of the relational model from the user.

Each row in the relational table is known as an entity instance or entity occurrence in the ER model.

In Chen notation, entities and relationships have to be oriented horizontally; not vertically.

M:N relationships are not appropriate in a relational model.

Today, most relational database products can be classified as object/relational.

The network model has structural level dependence.

The external model is the representation of the database as “seen” by the DBMS.

The hierarchical model is software-independent.

The relational model is hardware-dependent and software-independent.

A(n)          ’s main function is to help one understand the complexities of the real­world environment.

A(n)          represents a particular type of object in the real world.

A(n)          is anything about which data are to be collected and stored.

A(n)          is the equivalent of a field in a file system.

A(n)          is a restriction placed on the data.

        are important because they help to ensure data integrity.

        are normally expressed in the form of rules.

Students and classes have a        relationship.

From a database point of view, the collection of data becomes meaningful only when it reflects properly defined_____.

Which of the following is true of business rules?

They can serve as communication tool between the users and designers 

A noun in a business rule translates to a(n)        in the data model.

A verb associating two nouns in a business rule translates to a(n)      in the data model.

The hierarchical data model was developed in the

.

The object-oriented data model was developed in the

.

VMS/VSAM is an example of the        .

Oracle 11g is an example of the        .

MySQL is an example of the        .

In the          model, the basic logical structure is represented as an upside-down tree.

In the          model, each parent can have many children, but each child has only one parent.

The relational data model was developed in the

.

In the          model, the user perceives the database as a collection of records in 1:M relationships, where each record can have more than one parent.

The          model was developed to allow designers to use a graphical tool to examine structures rather than describing them with text.

A(n)          enables a database administrator to describe schema components.

Which of the following types of HDFS nodes stores all the metadata about a file system?

Which of the following types of HDFS nodes acts as the interface between the user application and the HDFS?

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the hierarchical data model?

It does not have standards

Which model presents a global view of the database?

What data model is said to be a semantic data model?

Which database model is perceived by the user as a collection of tables?

Is a data model is usually graphical?