Which of the following about bipolar disorder is false? Show a. It involves cycles of depression and mania that, after onset of the disorder, persist throughout the life span. b. It can provide times of creativity and productivity if the energy during the manic periods is channeled appropriately. c. It occurs in about 10% of the population. d. It affects men and women between the ages of 20 and 30 nearly equally. c. It occurs in about 10% of the population. Which of the following concerning the use of antidepressant medication in general is true? a. Placebo-controlled studies show that antidepressant medications are effective in about 80% of the people that use them for depression b. Antidepressant drugs have predictable outcomes and side effects that make it relatively easy for a psychiatrist to choose a medication for a given patient c. The therapeutic effects of antidepressants involve changes in the brain that can take up to several weeks to develop d. The maintenance period of drug treatment should be no longer than 4 to 5 months c. The therapeutic effects of antidepressants involve changes in the brain that can take up to several weeks to develop Which side effect is a frequent reason for individuals terminating SSRI use? a. Anxiety b. Insomnia c. Sexual dysfunction d. Muscle rigidity c. Sexual dysfunction The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression is supported by all of the following except a. chronic stress decreases hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). b. acute antidepressant treatment protects neurons by increasing BDNF. c. chronic antidepressant treatment increases BDNF in both humans and animals. d. BDNF is enhanced by upregulation in the cAMP cascade, as occurs with treatments for depression. b. acute antidepressant treatment protects neurons by increasing BDNF. Which of the following statements regarding intravenous ketamine as a treatment for depression is false? a. The dose required to reduce depression symptoms is much higher than that needed for anesthesia. b. It reduces symptoms in 65-70% of patients who are resistant to other treatments. c. Its effects typically last 1-3 weeks. d. In addition to blocking NMDA type glutamate receptors it enhances AMPA receptor response to glutamate. a. The dose required to reduce depression symptoms is much higher than that needed for anesthesia. All of the following are potential side effects of the tricyclic antidepressants except a. sedation. b. confusion. c. hypertension (high blood pressure). d. urinary retention. c. hypertension (high blood pressure). The monoamine hypothesis is supported by all of the following findings except a. the drug reserpine depletes vesicles of monoamine transmitters and causes depression. b. people with depression have extraordinarily high levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their urine. c. drugs like tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) typically reverse symptoms of depression. d. chronic users of amphetamine and cocaine deplete their monoamines and ultimately become depressed. b. people with depression have extraordinarily high levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA in their urine. Which of the following about MAO inhibitors is false? a. The first MAO-I, iproniazid, was discovered by accident while investigating treatments for tuberculosis b. They can be used safely with proper dietary restrictions c. They block the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin d. These drugs have little use in the treatment of depression given the availability of safer drugs, and no use in the treatment of other disorders d. These drugs have little use in the treatment of depression given the availability of safer drugs, and no use in the treatment of other disorders Depression a. is most likely to recur following a period of stress. b. affects men and women equally. c. will not improve on its own; therapy is required. d. affects approximately 15% to 20% of the population at any given time. d. affects approximately 15% to 20% of the population at any given time. Which of the following about lithium is false? a. It reduces manic symptoms in about 60-80% of cases. b. It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be safely withdrawn. c. It is often administered with an antidepressant drug. d. It dramatically increases the time between recurring episodes of mania and depression. b. It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be safely withdrawn. Which of the following about tricyclic antidepressants is false? a. They enhance the function of the presynaptic transporter protein for serotonin and/or norepinephrine. b. They cause long-term adaptive changes at the synapse that are related to their therapeutic effects. c. They affect acetylcholine, histamine, and -adrenergic receptors. d. They include the prototype imipramine, which resembles drugs in the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics. a. They enhance the function of the presynaptic transporter protein for serotonin and/or norepinephrine. Which of the following events does not occur during stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis? a. NE and ACh regulate the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus b. ACTH causes the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland c. Cortisol ultimately provides negative feedback to shut down HPA activation d. Glucocorticoids released into the bloodstream provide positive feedback amplifying HPA activation d. Glucocorticoids released into the bloodstream provide positive feedback amplifying HPA activation Which of the following is not a problem or side effect of MAOIs? a. Enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes b. Overeating of carbohydrates c. Interaction with drugs that affect the sympathetic nervous system d. Elevated tyramine levels when combined with certain foods a. Enhanced activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes Animal studies of the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown all of the following except a. the autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT. b. the reuptake transporters remain blocked for the duration of the drug's action. c. tolerance to the drug occurs at the autoreceptors chronically, resulting in increased 5-HT release. d. tolerance develops to the therapeutic effect as 5-HT transporters (presynaptic reuptake channels) are downregulated. d. tolerance develops to the therapeutic effect as 5-HT transporters (presynaptic reuptake channels) are downregulated. Which of the following is not a way that lithium acts on the synapse? a. Increases catecholamine activity b. Increases 5-HT and 5-HIAA c. Affects second messenger systems d. Influences brain neurotrophic factors a. Increases catecholamine activity Which of the following, according to the glucocorticoid hypothesis of depression, is false? a. The amygdala normally inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whereas the hippocampus activates it. b. Chronic high cortisol levels cause loss of cells as well as reduced neurogenesis in the hippocampus. c. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) administration can elicit behavioral features of depression in animals. d. Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) and antidepressant drugs may exert some of their clinical benefits by decreasing CRF. a. The amygdala normally inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, whereas the hippocampus activates it. Which of the following is not primarily used for treating major depression? a. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) b. Lithium therapy c. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is) d. Atypical antidepressants b. Lithium therapy All of the following are side effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) except a. blurred vision. b. insomnia. c. headache. d. sexual dysfunction a. blurred vision. Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium? a. Increased thirst and urination NO b. Impaired concentration and memory c. Anxiety d. Weight gain c. Anxiety What is the major advantage of the second-generation antidepressants over the MAOIs and the TCAs? a. They are more effective in treating depression b. They work faster than the older classes of drugs c. They produce less harmful side effects than the older medications d. They are less selective in their action; hence they can be used for a number of conditions c. They produce less harmful side effects than the older medications What is the effectiveness of antidepressants?Meta-analyses of RCTs typically report antidepressants as 20–30% more effective than placebo, with higher response rates (50% reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HDRS] scores) and improved remission rates (HDRS score of less than 8) [Davis et al.
What is the truth about antidepressants?In general, antidepressants work really well, especially when used along with psychotherapy. This combination may give you better results than using either treatment alone. Most people on antidepressants say they have eventual improvements in symptoms such as sadness, loss of interest, and hopelessness.
What is the most effective class of antidepressants?Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most effective class of antidepressants.
Which is correct about the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs?The antidepressants inhibit reuptake of neurotransmitters through selective receptors thereby increasing the concentration of specific neurotransmitter around the nerves in the brain. One of such antidepressant is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which affects the brain serotonin level.
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Concerning the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs, which of the following statements is true?
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