16. Which represents the correct order of the three stages of the natural history of disease? Show A) Pathological onset, manifestation of clinical disease, presymptomatic Recommended textbook solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions A Concise Introduction to Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,960 solutions Psychology: Principles in Practice1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus 1,024 solutions Psychology1st EditionHOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURT 1,007 solutions A, B, D Feedback: Key factors in the rise of noncommunicable diseases include the following: tobacco use, insufficient physical activity, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, overweight and obesity, high cholesterol, and cancer-associated infections. Unclean water and lack of contraceptive use are risk factors for communicable diseases, such as Legionnaires' disease and HIV, respectively. A Feedback: Demographic transitions may progress from low to high levels and include the following: high fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth; improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease; declines in mortality and, later, declines in fertility. Epidemiologic transitions include the following: high and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine; progressive declines in mortality, as epidemics become less frequent; and further declines in mortality, increasing life expectancy, and predominance of noncommunicable diseases. C Feedback: Attributable risk is calculated by subtracting the incidence rate in a nonexposed population from the incidence rate in an exposed population. In this case, we first need to calculate the individual incidence rates for City A and City B and then subtract to find the attributable risk for City A. The incidence rate for City A is calculated as follows: 3,267/10,000,000 = 0.0003267 × 100,000 = 32.67 cases per 100,000 population. The incidence rate for City B is calculated as follows: 5/150,000 = 0.0000333 × 100,000 = 3.33 cases per 100,000 population. The attributable risk for HIV occurring in City A, then, is calculated as follows: 32.67 - 3.33 = 29.34 cases per 100,000 population. A Feedback: The "gold standard" for experimental studies is the prospective, double-blind, placebo-control group design, also referred to as clinical trials or therapeutic trials. In double-blind experimental studies, neither the researchers nor the subjects are aware to which group they are randomly assigned. Quasi-experimental and experimental designs are used to examine causality. Many studies, although experimental in design, are not able to either randomize selection of subjects or exert the same degree of control of the study variables that would be found in true experimental studies. Descriptive epidemiologic studies, which are frequently used in public health, are designed to acquire more information about characteristics of health (or disease) as they pertain to person, place, and time. Findings from descriptive epidemiologic studies lead to hypotheses for future research. A Feedback: Culture is the knowledge, values, practices, customs, and beliefs of a group and includes a "unique meaning and information system, shared by a group." Cultural competence is openness to others' ideas and ways of life; respect, curiosity, patience, and self-awareness of one's own culture and culturally mediated ideas. Cultural safety is the practice of providing culturally appropriate health services to disadvantaged groups while stressing dignity and avoiding institutional racism, assimilation (forcing people to adopt a dominant culture), and repressive practices. Ethnocentrism is the assumption that others believe and behave as the dominant culture does, or the belief that the dominant culture is superior to others. A, C, D Feedback: For community and public health agencies to be culturally competent, they must do the following: have a defined set of values and principles and demonstrate behaviors, attitudes, policies, and structures that enable them to work effectively cross-culturally; have the capacity to (1) value diversity, (2) conduct self-assessment, (3) manage the dynamics of difference, (4) acquire and institutionalize cultural knowledge, and (5) adapt to diversity and the cultural contexts of the communities they serve; and incorporate this capacity in all aspects of policy making, administration, practice, and service delivery, as well as systematically involve consumers, key stakeholders, and communities. A Feedback: Airborne transmission occurs when microorganisms are carried in the air in small particles, called droplet nuclei, at distances that exceed a few feet. Droplet transmission theoretically is a form of contact transmission; the mechanism of transfer of the pathogen to the host is quite distinct from either direct or indirect transmission. Therefore, droplet transmission is considered a separate route of transmission. Droplets are generated from the source person primarily during coughing, sneezing, or talking and are propelled a short distance (<3 feet) through the air and deposited on the conjunctivae, nasal mucosa, or mouth of another person. Direct contact occurs through direct body surface-to-body surface contact and physical transfer of microorganisms between a susceptible host and an infected or colonized person (or animal). Indirect contact involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate inanimate object, called a vehicle, such as a contaminated surgical instrument, needle, toy, soiled clothing, or bed linen. A Feedback: Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, and it is an important cause of diarrheal illness throughout the world regardless of people's age. Consumption of contaminated poultry is the most common source of Campylobacter infection, although undercooked meats, ground beef, pork, cheese, eggs, shellfish, unpasteurized milk, and direct exposure to pets and farm animals have been implicated. Other infectious organisms that commonly cause foodborne illnesses include noroviruses, Listeria monocytogenes, nontyphoid Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7. C Feedback: Syphilis is primarily indicated by ulcerative sores occurring mainly on the external genitals, vagina, anus, or in the rectum, although they can occur on the lips or in the mouth. The sore is usually firm, round, and painless. Rashes associated with secondary syphilis appear as rough, red, or reddish brown spots both on the palms of the hands and/or the bottoms of the feet. Infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, like those resulting from Chlamydia trachomatis, cause several clinical syndromes including urogenital, pharyngeal, and rectal infections in males and females, and conjunctivitis in adults and neonates. Chlamydia is known as a "silent" infection because most infected people are asymptomatic and lack abnormal physical examination findings. Men who are symptomatic typically have urethritis, with a mucoid or watery urethral discharge and dysuria. A minority of infected men develop epididymitis (with or without symptomatic urethritis), presenting with unilateral testicular pain, tenderness, and swelling. Human papillomavirus infections, if manifest, are primarily indicated by genital warts. B, C, D Feedback: To prevent the transmission of all respiratory infections, respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette measures should be implemented at the first point of contact with a potentially infected person and should be incorporated into standard precautions. This includes covering the nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing, using tissues to contain respiratory secretions and disposing of them in the nearest waste receptacle after use, and hand hygiene (e.g., handwashing with nonantimicrobial soap and water, an alcohol-based hand rub, or an antiseptic hand wash) after having contact with respiratory secretions and contaminated objects/materials. In addition to standard precautions, all individuals, including visitors and healthcare providers, in contact with clients with an acute respiratory infection should use droplet precautions, which include wearing a surgical mask when in close contact (i.e., within approximately 3 feet) and on entering the room of the client. The 2013 World Health Organization guidelines for a suspected or confirmed case of MERS-CoV infection called for placing the client in a single isolation room with equal or greater than 12 air exchanges per hour, not quarantining infected families in their homes. Contact precautions are only needed when contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, or nonintact skin is anticipated. D Feedback: The H5N1 virus can improve its transmissibility among humans by two mechanisms. The first is antigenic shift, a "reassortment" event, in which genetic material is exchanged between human and avian viruses during coinfection of a human or an animal such as a pig. Reassortment could result in a fully transmissible pandemic virus, which could rapidly spread throughout the world. The second mechanism is a more gradual process of antigenic drift, an adaptive mutation, whereby the capability of the virus to bind to human cells increases during subsequent infections of humans. Nearly all of the human infections with H5N1, which are the largest documented since its emergence in humans in 1997, were a result of people having direct or close contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces, but not a result of consuming chicken. An increase in incidence of autoimmune diseases, which involve one's own immune system attacking the body, is not related to the spread of avian influenza and would not lead to a pandemic. The avian flu is already transmitted primarily in a zoonotic manner, so any shift in transmission would be to human-to-human transmission, which would be more likely to cause a pandemic than zoonotic transmission. B, D Feedback: WNV virus is not transmitted from person to person but from mosquito to person. No isolation precautions are indicated other than standard precautions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines emphasize avian, animal, mosquito, and human WNV surveillance, along with control and elimination of mosquito breeding sites such as standing water in flowerpots, buckets, and old tires. The CDC recommends using an insect repellent such as DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide) or picaridin when outdoors, following the directions on the package. Because mosquitoes are most active at dusk and dawn, in addition to an insect repellent, people should wear long sleeves and pants when outdoors during these hours. Screens on windows and doors will keep mosquitoes out. D Feedback: Recent cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) have been associated with outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 infections, which were apparently caused by contact with animals in public settings, including fairs, farm tours, and petting zoos. Experience from these and previous outbreaks underscores the necessity for adequate control measures to reduce zoonotic transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has developed standardized recommendations for public health officials, veterinarians, animal exhibitors, and visitors to animal exhibits; it established that hand washing is the single most important prevention step for reducing the risk for disease transmission. Other critical recommendations for venues with animals are the inclusion of transition areas between animal and nonanimal areas (e.g., where food is sold) and proper care and management of animals in public settings. Use of a gas barbecue, use of wood instead of charcoal to cook meat, and improperly cleaned cooking tools are not associated with E. coli infection. A, B, E Feedback: Programs using DOT as the central element in a comprehensive, client-centered approach to case management (enhanced DOT) have higher rates of treatment completion than less intensive strategies. Each client's management plan should be individualized to incorporate measures that facilitate adherence to the drug regimen. Such measures may include, for example, social service support, treatment incentives and enablers, housing assistance, referral for treatment of substance abuse, and coordination of TB services with those of other providers. There is no need to hospitalize a person solely because he or she is infectious. Outclients should be instructed to remain at home, without visitors, until they are no longer thought to be infectious. However, such isolation is not a method to ensure compliance with the drug regimen but an infection control measure. B Feedback: A medically underserved area (MUA) is an area with a lack of medical care services as determined by the number of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population aged 65 or older. A health professional shortage area (HPSA) is a geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals to a degree that a full complement of healthcare services is not possible. A medically underserved population (MUP) is a U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic, cultural, or linguistic barriers to accessing primary medical care services. An underserved population is a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems because of marginalization in sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, or gender. A Feedback: A health professional shortage area (HPSA) is a geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals to a degree that a full complement of healthcare services is not possible. A medically underserved area (MUA) is an area with a lack of medical care services as determined by the number of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population 65 years or older. A medically underserved population (MUP) is a U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic, cultural, or linguistic barriers to accessing primary medical care services. An underserved population is a subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems because of marginalization in sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, or gender. Which correctly ranks the top four rural health priorities according to the Healthy People goals? Which qualifies as an urbanized area according to the U.S. Census Bureau? (Select all that apply.) Which was the leading cause of death in the United States in 1900 quizlet?Feedback: The leading cause of death in 1900 was major cardiovascular-renal disease followed by influenza and pneumonia; tuberculosis; and gastritis, duodenitis, enteritis, and colitis.
What is the difference between social death and psychological death quizlet?What is the difference between social death and psychological death? Social death occurs when individuals withdraw from the dying individual, while psychological death occurs when the individual withdraws from others.
What does physiological death refer to quizlet?What does physiological death refer to? the ceasing of vital organs to function.
What does physiological death refer to?Physiological death occurs when the vital organs no longer function. The digestive and respiratory systems begin to shut down during the gradual process of dying.
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How has the leading cause of death changed from 1900 to the present day in the United States quizlet?
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