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of work between men and women in society Cohen Is a fundamental source of gender inequality Cohen Time, resources, gender Cohen More resources and usually has more decision-making power in the relationship Cohen conflicts between family and paid work obligations Cohen Conflict that occurs when the time demands, strains, or obligations of work or family roles make it difficult to fulfill obligations in either role Cohen Pervasive and costly experience Harms workplaces when employees can't be productive Harms families by increasing their stress and hardship Many of the work-related problems that families experience today arise from work-family conflict Cohen Single Mothers Cohen a limit to the length of the working day Cohen Allowing reduced hours or scheduling flexibility Cohen Early childbearing years Cohen Father has lost his job or is unable to work Cohen Gender hierarchy in which men have more power and more options than do women Cherlin Two earner couples and single parents Cherlin Couples in which both partners have demaning progessional or technical jobs and are raising children Cherlin Jobs take up too much of time Cherlin The total working hours of family members in households Cherlin Seporating the two earner and single parent households from the more traditional households Cherlin Not evenly distributed across occupations and are related to the kinds of jobs people hold Cherlin Those who are most likely to read articles and read books about overwork Cherlin Growing division between the over and under worked Cherlin Rise of families that depend on either two incomes or one parent would sacrifice Cherlin Traced to changes in the kinds of families we live in, rather than changes in how we work Cherlin Provided more economic resources to families and given couples more options for sharing the tasks of breadwinning and caretaking Cherlin Adjust their work schedules to make time for the rest of life Cherlin is NOT concentrated among those with children at home Cherlin Requires accepting the social transformations that sent women into the workplace and left American's wishing for a balance between work and family Cherlin Family involvement Cherlin Revising regulations on hours of work Providing benefit protections to more workers Moving toward the norm of a shorter work week Creating more family supportive workplaces that offer both job flexibility and protections for employed parents Developing a wider array of high quality, affordable childcare options Cherlin Job flexibility and autonomy Cherlin Help workers develop both short and longer term strategies for integrating work and family life Cherlin Both parents can return to work on reduced schedules until their youngest child is 8 years old Guarentees fathers and extra month off at 80% pay during the first year of their childs life Provides that new parents have 15 months of paid leave to share as they choose Low income families recieve financial assistance for childcare Cherlin Key problem- the 24/7 schedule that defines commitment among high level professionals Gender effect of long hours- greatly exacerbated by motherhood Best jobs have become more demanding Long hours are expected Demand for part time work among PMC women- intense Penalties associated with part time work are harsh Ideal worker in high level jobs- works long weeks and works for 40 years straight, taking no time off for childbearing or eldercare High level managers/professionals are expected to make work the center of their lives Norm of work devotion- particularly poor fit for women who are expected to show devotion to family Ideology of intensive mothering- prevades families in the PMC Work family conflict of PMC families stems from- expectation that committed workers will devote 50+ hours per week to their jobs for 40 years streight, in a society with harsh penalties for part time work and hyped up ideals of motherhood Cherlin Difference between middle class and more affluent families- working class employees lack flexibility 3/4 of working adults have no control over their work schedules Many workers- lack of leave 1/3+ workers lack vacation and sick leave Problem is mandatory overtime Many workers face dicipline or discharge due to family work conflicts stemming from the requirement to work overtime Mandatory overtime- requirements place many tag team families in the situation of having to choose between the job of the mom or dad Union workers jobs usually are in hospitals, factories, emergency services Ability to use personal time in 2 hour increments- important consideration Cherlin Face harsh work/family conflicts More likely to be single mothers More likely to depend on family members or friends for childcare Many low wage single mothers leave their children alone in dangerous neighborhoods More likely to have to inturrupt work because childcare problems More likely to be providing 30+ hours a week of unpaid assistance to parents or inlaws More likely to be dealing with issues of ill health and lack of health insurance More likely than other workers to lack paid sick /vacation leave and to face inflexible schedules at work Cherlin Part time equitity - Part time equity for PMC- could opt for 35/40 hour work weeks in return for proportional pay and advancement, therefore advoiding the outlandish hours required of fast track professionals Part time equity for middle class and low class- discouraging workers from keeping them in part time work as a way of depressing wages and eliminating benefits Cherlin Political power of professional women Support from a union movement apprized of the important role work family conflict in the lives of its members Moral clout and political capital of poverty advocates Cohen When parents abuse the privilege of authority over their children, they may do so with relative impunity, since their behavior occurs within the context of their legal authority Cohen Intimate partners Cohen spouses, cohabiting partners, romantic or sexual partners, or former partners after a breakup Cohen Biological children, stepchildren, foster children, adopted children Cohen Older family members, usually parents or in laws, who may or may not rely on their children for care and support Cohen Intimacy and Care Relationship Cohen Type of relationship in which people love or at least know each other very well and interact in private Cohen emotional stakes of violence and abuse may be higher Cohen Range of behaviors, including both deliberate acts and the failure to protect or provide for children Cohen Relationship in which one person is responsible for another's care Cohen The act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker that results (or puts children in imminent risk for) physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation Cohen More often physically observable Cohen May not all agree on what supervision or care is necessary Do not always agree on who is responsible for caring for particular people Cohen Occur in the family home at the hands of their parents or other caregivers Cohen notion that families are the source of most abuse Cohen High representation of mothers acting alone partly reflects the fact that so many children in single-parent families live with their mothers rather than their fathers Cohen Systematic, though not universal Cohen Live with parents who have mental health issues (especially poor impulse control, low self esteem, history of violence) Live in homes where domestic violence occurs between adults Live in poor neighborhoods or poor families Live in families with weak support networks Cohen The physical, sexual, or emotional abuse of old people by someone whom they share an intimate or caring relationship Cohen Often takes place in isolated, intimate settings, mostly within families or in institutional care facilities Cohen neglect (or "potential neglect," defined as having an unmet need for care, such as help with housecleaning) and emotional mistreatment (such as humiliation or verbal abuse) Cohen Violence between partners who are (or were) involved in a sexual or romantic relationship Cohen fear of the consequence Cohen Common Couple Violence Intimate Terrorism Violence Resistance Mutual Violent Control Cohen Most common form of violence Results from specific arguments within a couple Does not involve a pattern of escalating violence over time Most who experience this pattern do not suffer severe injuries or frequent attacks Cohen Involves violence as part of a campaign for control or domination within a relationship More likely to involve escalating violence and serious injury as well as psychological abuse Most commonly perpetrated by men against women Cohen When a spouse or partner is the victim of a pattern of violence- may lash out in response Could meet the definition of self defense Cohen Rare case in which both partners are in a violent battle for domination, perhaps both attempting to be intimate terrorists Cohen Women, especially younger women- at greater risk of rape and violence that causes serious injury Women with less income and education Couples with less economic security- more likely to take their stress out on eachother Relationships that involve drug and alcohol abuse Women in cohabiting relationships Serious violence, women face higher risks shortly after they have left their abusers Cohen American Indians and African Americans than among Whites and Asians Cohen Contributes to family violence Cohen have same domestic violence rate Cohen less likely to benefit from resources directed at the problem Cohen Penetration, Force, and Lack of Consent Cohen Forced vagianal, anal, or oral penetration or attempted penetration of a person without his or her consent Cohen Unwanted penetration or touch, by force or threat of force, without consent Cohen Sex between close relatives Cohen Long-standing tendency to disbelieve female victims of rape and assault Cohen rape victim does not consent but also does not actively resist or explicitly reject sex (Most commonly when the victim is under the influence of alcohol or drugs Includes victims who are mentally disabled or physically helpless) Cohen blame the victim of a rape for what happened Cohen Privacy from outside scrutiny and the intimacy of relationships between family members Cohen Because of assaults by dates and acquaintances, especially in the context of parties where drugs and alcohol are used Cohen marginal status of homosexuality, and the solutions are not readily applicable across groups Cohen Steep declines in the level of criminal violence Cohen Spurred in part by increases in concentrated poverty and the illegal drug trade in America's major cities Cohen Increase in shelters and hotlines for abused women and children Legal services have made it easier for women to gain protection or distance from their abusive partners Women's increased economic independence Greater acceptance of divorce Decline in number of married or cohabitating adults has reduced the number of people exposed to potentially violent partners Cohen Often are first seen in their behavior Cohen Abuse alcohol or drugs Suffer from weight or sleep problems Be depressed Cohen more likely to end up in bad relationships Cohen establishing long-term, stable relationships Cohen often had transitory relationship patterns Cohen Sexuality Cohen
Male Domination Systematic Abuse Religious Authority Intersextionality Cohen Feminists argue that the prevalence of male violence against women is the result of male domination Men have more power in the economy, the political system, and the family- so they are able to commit violence against women to achieve their ends "The more unequal women are compared to men in a society, the more likely men are to be violent toward women." More sexual violence against women in countries where- men have greater advantages in occupations and education Cohen Crucial aspect of the feminist perspective on sexual violence Sexual violence- constitutes a structural part of male domination Feminist message- rape is not principally a problem of strangers attacking women in isolation, but rather a much more common feature of relationships between men and women in which men often act with threats or mild violence rather than extreme violence and women often do not report being raped because they think it was their fault or that no one will believe them Cohen Many Catholic priests sexually abused children (mostly children ages 11-17 and most often boys) Abuse of children often occurred in situations where the Church had assumed some caring responsibility for them Church hierarchy, the institution has paid billions of dollars for treatment, compensation, and settlements to victims worldwide Cohen Scandal shows the institutional nature of sexual violence - Authorities were aware of the problem, but instead of dealing with it, they just sent the priests away Scandal illuminates the difficulty of identifying who is responsible for the care of children Scandal demonstrates other key elements necessary for understanding the effects of sexual abuse - Long-term consequences for the health and happiness of the victims ; Shame and stigma felt by those reporting their own suffering ; Difficulty getting through the veils of privacy surrounding sexuality and the family to hold the right people accountable Cohen Experiences of violence and abuse- related to gender inequality, also complicated by their intersection with issues of race and social class Higher rates of intimate partner violence experienced by Black women are partly attributable to -relatively high rates of poverty, concentration in resource-poor neighborhoods "intersectionality" studies- the attempt to untangle overlapping problems of inequality Black women- less able on average to protect themselves with the resources available to other women Domestic violence relief and prevention agencies- more readily available in wealthier communities Police are less likely to make an arrest in response to domestic violence calls when those involved are members of racial or ethnic minorities Cohen Civil Protection Orders Mandatory Arrest or Pro Arrest Laws Court Ordered Treatment Domestic Violence Courts Services for Domestic Violence Victims Cohen Either threatens the abuser with harsher punishment if he or she commits violence again or orders the abuser not to have any contact with the victim Eligible to get one after one has experienced physical abuse May be effective in preventing future attacks, but only when they are adequately enforced and provide thorough protection Cohen Used to increase the chance that police can convince the victim to press charges- Some communities have instituted mandatory arrest policies, requiring (or strongly encouraging) police to make an arrest and separate a couple experiencing violence Cohen Courts have required domestic violence perpetrators to undergo psychological counseling- Programs have a low success rate ; Sometimes leads to greater violence Cohen
Employ specially trained staff, including judges and advocates for victims, and take a problem-solving approach rather than a strictly punitive one Cohen Hotlines for people in danger Shelters for people who need to leave their homes Legal counseling for people who need help navigating the justice system Many approaches to assisting or treating those who are affected Cohen Specifies a number of rights and protections for children as well as obligations for those who care for them World's most widely accepted human rights treaty The child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment, in an atmosphere of happiness, love and understanding Child should be fully prepared to live an individual life in society Cohen Religious conservatives- say it would lead to government control over their rights as parents, possibly prohibiting religious education and corporal punishment Issue with Article 19 (states that Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child) Cohen The Subjection of Women (1869)- John Stuart Mill Said that wives were worse off than slaves- Men could not rape slaves but could wives Wives were presumed to have consented to sex for their entire lives at the moment of their marriage Now- rape within marriage is illegal Cherlin "Crisis period" Cherlin Experiencing problems but that most children dont experience severe problems Cherlin These families are economically vulnerable Disproportionately represent ethnic minority Cherlin Personal and social interest Cherlin Disadvantaged in many ways Cherlin Likely to become sexually active at a younger age More likely to have a child outside of marriage Cherlin More likely to have trouble finding and keeping a job Cherlin Ethnic minorities Low income families Cherlin Lose more when fathers leave Cherlin a parent who dies, then a parent who is absent by choice Cherlin No better than children in single parent families Sociologists attribute this to- lack of established soctietal guidelines about how stepfamiles should operate Cherlin ... Cherlin do NOT experience high levels of conflict Cherlin In states that make divorce more difficult Cherlin Whether divorce causes children to have problems or whether the problems associated with divorce are due to poor parenting or even poor genes Cherlin Economic deprivation, poor parenting, and lack of social support Cherlin Quality of childcare, health care, and quality of education Cherlin Reduces child's access to parental attention May affect the quality of the mother child relationship Can bring on depression and psychological distress Loss of social support Cherlin are younger, less educated, and more likely to be non white than single mothers in other countries Cherlin Poverty rates by about 15% Cherlin Make sure parents are informed about the potential risks associated with the fathers departure Can make sure that social policies do not discourage marriage- currently many marriage penalties Insist that fathers support their children even when they live elsewhere- means establishing paternity for children born outside of wedlock and enforcing child support obligations Cherlin Reduces divorce and nonmarital childbearing Cherlin ... Cherlin do NOT improve the economic status of children in welfare households Cherlin Unmarried parents who are raising a child together Cherlin Adjustment problems in children and adolescents Cherlin Behavioral, internalizing, and social and academic problems Cherlin Externalizing symptoms including conduct disorders, antisocial behaviors, and problems with authority figures and parents Cherlin ... Cherlin Have lower academic performance and achievement Cherlin Financial, social, human, and cultural captial to their children compared with parents who remain married Cherlin Have more difficulties in their intimate relationships Cherlin Marry earlier Report more dissatisfaction in marrigaes More likely to divorce Cherlin Had more problems with intimate relationships Less social support of friends and relatives Lower psychological well being Cherlin Socioeconomic factors Life course decisions- cohabitation, early marriage, premariatal childbearing Attitudes toward marrige and divorce Inter personal behaviors --------------------------- Cherlin The higher probability of divorce Cherlin Competent Custodial Parents and Parenting Nonresident parents Diminished conflict between parents following divorce Cherlin Psychological adjustment of custodial parents and quality of parenting provided by them Cherlin Children have a positive adjustment Cherlin Associated with better child adjustment Cherlin More frequent visits were linked to poorer adjustment Cherlin Has beneficial effects when certain features of parenting are present Cherlin Suggests a protective effect Cherlin Better adjusted regardless of the level of conflict Cherlin Childrens behavioral adjustment Cherlin Higher levels of paternal involvement Cherlin Protective factor for children following divorce Cherlin Effect of the coparental relationship Cherlin Joint planning, flexibility, sufficient communication, and coordinaton of schedules and activities Cherlin Parallel parenting in which low conflict, low communication, and emotional disengagment are features Cherlin Continue to fall within the average range of adjustment Cherlin do NOT suffer from major psychological problems Cherlin ... Cherlin Slightly lower psychologial well being Cherlin ... Cherlin Feeling of loss Cherlin Living in sole mother or father custody, rather than shared custody Higher levels of post divorce parental conflict Cherlin Joint physical custody Cherlin the degree of painful feelings lingering after divorce Cherlin They seek to contain parental conflict, promote authoritative and close relationships between children and both parents, enhance economic stability Involve children in effective interventions that help them have a voice in shaping more individualized and helpful access arrangement
Cherlin Individual is violent and controling, the partner is not Perpetrator uses violence in the service of general control of their partner Cherlin Partner is violent and controlling, indiviudal is violent but not controlling Partner is violent and controling, and the resister's violence arises in reaction to that attempt to exert general control Cherlin Individual is violent, neither partner is both violent and controlling Perpetrator is violent, however neither in the couple are using violence to attempt to exert general control Cherlin Both individual and partner are violent and controlling Both members of the couple use violence in attemots to gain general control over their partner Cherlin Control Cherlin looking at violence in isolation or by looking at one incident Cherlin Deprive their partner of control over economic resources Cherlin Male privlige Cherlin a means of control Cherlin Keeping her away from others Once isolated- can tell her she is worthless, humiliate her, demean her, emotionally abuse her Cherlin ... Cherlin Resister is violent but not controlling, and is faced with a partner who is both violent and controlling Cherlin Escape Cherlin Physical reaction- may be only way ones anger can be expressed May be an attempt to get the attention of a partner who dosesnt seem to be listening Cherlin Have to do with general patterns of power and control, NOT with the ostensible motives for specific incidents of violence Cherlin Rooted in the events of a particular situation rather than in a relationship wide attempt to control Cherlin Was a product of intimate terrorism with violence resistance, or situational couple violence in which both partners have been violent Cherlin ... Cherlin Interested in violence between parents and their children, between siblings, and between spouses Violence seen as an outcome of family conflict Cherlin Focuses specifically on wife-abuse Violence seen as a product of patriarchal family traditions and general male dominance in the society Cherlin Identify partner violence that is more frequent, more likely to escalate, more severe, less likely to be mutual, and perpetrated mostly by men Cherlin Predominantly symmetric image of partner violence as a matter of conflict Cherlin General strategy of power and control Violence that is not part of a general pattern of control Cherlin Gender Symmetric Cherlin Mostly male perpetrated Cherlin Mostly women Cherlin Situational couple violence Cherlin the womens violence in the survery sample, while violent resistance is the largest category in the shelter sample Cherlin More likely than womens to produce injuries Cherlin Gender Symmetric Cohen Children rather than adults Cohen To spare them the disruption, potential financial loss, shame of a family breakup Cohen Keep them from living under the cloud of constant bickering or to remove them from the care of an irresponsible (or even abusive) spouse Cohen Social class inequality in family life Cohen Those with the highest levels of education Cohen individual orientation in family life and decision making Cohen The end of a marriage through permanent separation or divorce Cohen The formal or informal separation of married spouses into different households Cohen The legal dissolution of marriage according to the laws of the state Cohen American Indian cultures permitted divorce Divorce common among upper-class couples in the Roman Empire Christian religious authorities introduced strong rules against divorce Divorce was virtually impossible under Church doctrine Cohen A legal or religious determination that a marriage was never valid Cohen What made it possible historically to prohibit divorce but still let some people (usually powerful men) take spouses Cohen Remarriage is permitted only if the marriage is annulled by the Church Cohen Deliberate fraud at the time of the marriage When one of the spouses was unable to consent to the marriage Discovered that the spouses were too closely related to be permitted to marry Cohen Indicates how common divorce is in the whole country Used for a long term trend 3.9 divorces/ 1000 people in the country Cohen Tells us how common divorce is among married couples 19 divorces/ 1000 married couples in the country Cohen Compares the frequency of divorces to that of new marriages 1 divorce/ 1.8 marriages that year in the country Cohen Late 1970's Cohen 1960-1980 Dramatic increase in divorce - People associate that rise with the liberalization of family law, which started permitting easier, "no-fault" divorces Multigenerational Cohen Couples could get a legal divorce without an accusation of wrongdoing, such as infidelity, abuse, or desertion Cohen Most radical change in the law governing families Cohen Led to a sharp spike in divorces Cohen Ultimate war at home: divorce Generation X, born between 1965 and 1979-their parents' divorces were the defining experiences of their generation. Cohen ... Cohen People with less education African Americans and American Indians For those earlier in their marriages Those who have been married before Cohen
Does not affect the chance of divorcing if the couple eventually marry Distinction is between those who are engaged when they start cohabiting and those who aren't Cohen Age at which couples marry Cohen When people join into couples, through marriage or cohabitation, the nature of the relationship is affected by the way they come together and by what they each bring to the union. Cohen Describe themselves as unhappy in their marriages Spend less time alone with each other Disagree about household tasks, money, time together, sex, inlaws Have heated arguments, shout at, or hit each other Cohen Church going couples are less likely to divorce Cohen More likely to divorce Cohen ... Cohen When women have the economic means to survive on their own, they are more likely to leave unhappy marriages Cohen Rise of women's employment, and the independence it provides Cohen Couples in which both spouses have higher education and earn more are less likely to divorce Cohen mean that employed people are freer to leave unhappy marriages, and people with higher incomes are happier in their marriages Cohen Relatively stressed-out people Cohen "feminization of poverty" Cohen Gender disparity in poverty rates Cohen Losing contact with one parent for periods of time Witnessing or being part of conflicts Residential moves, job and school transitions, and economic hardship Cohen Coping skills, interpersonal skills, and self-confidence Economic, educational, or other resources Attentive parenting, diminished conflict, and continued involvement of both parents Cohen Short-term emotional or behavioral reactions or school problems Permanent emotional change New roles and identities in the family or social environment Cohen Effects generally are beneficial Cohen Helping boys avoid behavioral problems Cohen Relatively poor, unstable or depressed, or unable to manage relationships Cohen The spouse or committed partner of one's biological or adoptive parent Cohen The child of one's spouse or committed partner Cohen The child (son/daughter) of one's stepparent Cohen The biological child of one's parent and another person Share only one biological parent Cohen Any family that includes stepparents, stepsiblings, or half-siblings Cohen The situation in which family members do not know or do not agree on who is in the family and what role each person plays Cohen Americans care as much about being married as they do about maintaining marriages Cohen ... Cohen Preserve their own individual autonomy more than those in first marriages Cohen More individualistic than those whose parents remain married
Cohen Problem of overlapping family boundaries Cohen Declined for most of the twentieth century Cohen more children now are born to parents who are not married Cohen About a third of unmarried parents are actually living together at the time of the birth Trend toward single motherhood Fewer parents are married now than in the past Many children are involved with more than two parents Number of women reaching age 45 without having any children- doubled since the 1980s Cohen increase the diversity of family experiences Cohen Growth of childless families Families with fewer children Cohen An adult intimately responsible for the care and rearing of a child Cohen Adults whose bodies produce a child, including the father's sperm and the mother's egg Cohen Parents to a child they did not produce biologically Cohen Legal arrangement, with rights and obligations enforced by government authorities; but it may be informal Cohen Individuals who are able to produce children biologically are commonly Cohen The number of children born in a society or among a particular group Cohen Number of children born to the average woman in her lifetime Cohen a total fertility rate of 2.1, rather than exactly 2.0 Cohen Young adults not ready to marry (More likely to be poor) Older women who are single who decide to have children as single parents even though they might have preferred to be married first - adopt a child, use a sperm donor, or get pregnant with a man they're not planning to parent (Less likely to be poor) Divorced people who are in serious relationships but not remarried Gay and lesbian couples who aren't married Cohen 2.5 children Explains the growth of the population in the country Cohen 2 children Cohen The fewest children Cohen Latinos are descended from relatively recent immigrants (who come from countries with high fertility rates) Having more children is a cultural expectation, and it's encouraged by the Catholic Church Have lower education levels, which usually is associated with higher fertility rates Cohen Have more children Cohen Price one pays for choosing the less lucrative of the available options Cohen Many younger women deliberately postponed having children because of economic hardship or uncertainty Women who were nearing the end of their childbearing years had no such luxury, deciding to have children even though it might mean difficult economic sacrifices Cohen Economic circumstances Cohen Lack of access to good quality medical care, including contraception and health education Cohen Falling number of babies relinquished by birth parents Cohen Agreement to put the children in touch with their birth family at some point Cohen Adopted through the foster care system Adopted through private services Internationally adopted Cohen International agreement that seeks to facilitate adoptions in the best interests of children who need families Goal: Ensure that efforts are made to find adoptive families in a child's home country before placing the child into an international adoption Attempts to strengthen protections against the sale or trafficking of children Consequence: Decline in the number of international adoption Cohen do NOT try to adopt children Cohen Well off families: Hope that their children will be a source of pride and achievement, bringing them happiness and satisfaction Poor families: important source of meaning and accomplishment that is not possible through economic means Cohen Time and resource constraints, such as the need to finish school, the costs of caring for a child, or the need to care for other family mem- bers, including older children Cohen Single women, those with low incomes or education, and Black women Cohen
Difference in abortions Unmarried- 32% end in abortion Cohen Woman's right to abortion is protected as a private decision under the Constitution Cohen Failure of a couple to have a successful pregnancy despite deliberately having sex without contraception Cohen quality and quantity of their repro- ductive gametes (eggs and sperm), the physical and hormonal characteristics of the woman's body, etc Cohen Older and in poorer overall health are more likely to experience infertility Smoking, obesity, and a history of sexually transmitted infections Cohen Consistent with other kinds of inequality- White women are the least likely to experience infertility, followed by Hispanic and Black women Women with higher levels of education have lower rates than those with less education Cohen People experiencing infirtility Cohen People who deliberately postpone or avoid having children Cohen Professional women Cohen Often begins with an investigation of children's living arrangements Cohen ... Cohen Extended families, same-sex parents, and informal cohabiting relationships Cohen African-American children in particular seeing a much faster shift toward single-mother families - such families have much lower incomes and other resources Children in single-parent homes are much more likely to experience disruptive family transition Cohen
Economic trend toward a service economy Declining fortunes of major industrial cities Growing economic independence of women Increasing cultural acceptance of family structures beyond the once-dominant breadwinner-homemaker form Cohen Transitions within their families Cohen determine how children are affected by family circumstances Cohen Incredibly important Cohen Economic component Economic troubles can contribute to a transition or can be the result of a transition Cohen Economic hardship is that this practice is more common during hard times and among poor and immigrant families Cohen Activity of raising a child Cohen Socialization Cohen Allows individuals to internalize elements of the social structure into their own personality Prepares them for what they will encounter in social interactions and allows them to see how they fit in social situations with less confusion and stress Cohen Foundation of learning and development Cohen Ex. Parents helping their children get a job with a friend or colleague Networking that parents do with their children -much more extensive and subtle, and starts much earlier Facilitate an entire web of friends and neighbors, relatives, potential mentors, teachers, and peers that shapes the social environment of their children Cohen ... Cohen How expensive it is Parents can expect to pay between $160000 and $370000 per child- if until they are 18 Cohen advise parents to let their children play more Cohen "hurried lifestyle, changes in family structure, and increased attention to academics and enrichment activities at the expense of recess or free child-centered play" Cohen
Grown up with fewer siblings, so they have less experience with children, and they have smaller extended families, which were a traditional source of parenting wisdom and advice Cohen Heighten the anxiety inherent in parenting Cohen Investing more in fewer children, valuing them more highly as priceless individuals, and monitoring their progress at every step to encourage their success. Cohen Supportiveness Cohen spending time with children, working on homework or playing together, having private talks, and being accessible when needed Cohen Useful rule setting establishes an environment for healthy devel- opment, especially for adolescents Cohen If used in a consistant and proportionate way- helps develop a sense of security in children Corporal punishment- not good for children Cohen adoption, foster care, or assisted reproduction together as couples Cohen Unusually committed to parenting and tend to devote larger-than-average amounts of time and energy to their children Cohen Fathers as an economic provider and authority figure for his children In this model- successful employment, making career the priority, is the sign of a good father Cohen Father as an emotional, nurturing companion who bonds with his children as well as providing for them More accepted today Cohen Prominent feature of the American family's cultural landscape Article: Love, Honor and Thank Study found that- a successful relationship doesn't just depend on how partners divide their household chores, but on how they each express gratitude for the work the other one puts in. division of household labor is one of the most frequent sources of conflict in romantic relationships when partners feel that the division of labor (a combination of housework and paid work) in their relationship is unfair, they are more dissatisfied with their marriage and more likely to think they would be better off divorced expression of gratitude that's key to a strong and lasting relationship keys to determining who will perform a specific household task is each partner's "response threshold," Response Threshold-degree of disorder that must exist before someone is sufficiently bothered to perform a task that's not being done "Economy of Gratitude"-explains why under-performers often aren't grateful for their partner's efforts and don't pitch in their fair share gratitude can help alter the dynamics of couples' division of labor Economy of Gratitude- helps to explain the fact that husbands and wives are most satisfied in their marriages when they perceive that their spouses do more than their fair share of the work Article: You Should Have Asked Cartoon Psychological Burden of household and childcare and do all the management even when men help out a lot at home, to the extent that they are 'helping out' they are not sharing equally in the management Psychological Responsibility running a household and managing children's schedules, and seeing for yourself what needs to be done for the most part has fallen on the women's shoulders Perception Gap inescapable aspect of human behavior, that it is not merely the result of scary news stories, and that it is indeed a real threat that can produce real harm Appreciation Gap ... Cohen Socialization, Social Bonds, Social Networks Cohen Children no longer are used as economic resources for people, they no longer are being used for labor, now they are actually part of the family and have sentimental value, rather than just so called economic value Cohen Reasons for parents insecurity- Reason why a level of insecurity is inevitable- every child is different and parents are naturally inexperienced at raising them Why should children play more- Competition- between what to do with your children; provide more play time rather than more time studying or competing in organized sports Cohen Freedoms- technology that gives them access to more information more quickly; and puts them in touch with more people; often free from adult supervision Constraints- fear of crime in urban areas and the car oriented layout of suburban areas have made children more dependent on adults to drive them around; parents intent on monitoring their children's actions have access to a rapidly growing arsenal of technological tools to use ; parents have increased the constraints on children's physical movements outside the home. How technology facilitates modern parenting- parents now try harder to foster their children's sense of autonomy and self-expression most common reasons parents gave for giving their children a phone were safety and keeping track of the children's whereabouts Tecnology parents use- Connection (permit parents to gather information about children when they aren't together) , Constraint (keep children within parents' established virtual boundaries) , Spying (can track children's movements) Cohen Cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children Cohen Refers to pressure on parents in general Cohen women's priorities changed in response to the pressures of intensive motherhood or in an attempt to keep up with the unending stream of parenting advice and stress over children's success Mothers compensated by doing less of other things, especially leisure and adult recreational activities, and by sleeping less Cohen 2012- , 71 percent of American adults agreed with the statement, "It is sometimes necessary to discipline a child with a good, hard spanking." over 80% agreed in the 1980s Public opinion on an issue like spanking reflects a combination of traditional beliefs and contemporary attitudes Cohen Parents with higher levels of education do parenting differently from those who have spent less time in school children of parents with more education are better off Lower obesity rates for more educated Put children on their back to sleep for more educated More educated, more likely to breastfeed Cohen Religion, their Children, . Infertility problems, Children's health disabilities, Presence of stepchildren Cohen Couples often share a goal of minimizing their children's unhappiness in a divorce couples with children Cohen rise of women's employment (and the independence it provides) have contributed to the upward trend in divorce no evidence that employment increases the tendency of women to leave happy marriages independence also works to strengthen many marriages Couples in which both spouses have higher education and earn more are actually less likely to divorce Cohen Adult happiness- Divorced people are generally less happy than married people; unhappy people are more likely to get divorced in the first place Economic status- (If kids involved in a divorce and they live with mom)- His per-person income goes up, hers and the children's goes down ; lower incomes of women and the tendency for them to live with their children after divorce are the reasons courts often order fathers to pay child support after a divorce Cohen Lower incomes of women and the tendency for them to live with their children after divorce Cohen Men ; some college/BA or higher ; Hispanic ; 18-24 years old Cohen The exertion of effort to produce or accomplish something Cohen Work performed face-to-face for the purpose of enhancing the capabilities of another person Cohen Work to maintain a household's functions Cohen How to divide the housework and care work within the familiy When to pay for household services instead of doing housework themselves When to take care of the children at home vs using child care services Cohen loss of earnings women experience after they have children Cohen use both police records along with anonymous surveys Cohen It could cause their spouse or partner to go to jail It could cause the violence to worsen Cohen Abuse is more often physically observable May not all agree on what supervision or care is necessary Cohen Against Article 19 Religious conservatives say it could lead to the government having rights over parents Cohen Those who live with parents who have their own mental health prob- lems, especially poor impulse control and low self-esteem or a history of violence Those in households where domestic violence occurs between adults Those in poor families or poor neighborhoods. Most analysts trace this pat- tern to the stresses and resource deprivation that poor parents experience Those in families with weak support networks Cohen The Subjection of Women (1869)- John Stuart Mill Said that wives were worse off than slaves (Men could not rape slaves but could wives) Wives were presumed to have consented to sex for their entire lives at the moment of their marriage Now- rape within marriage is illegal Cohen As a social problem it is much more prevalent in families and relationships than it is on the streets Violence occurs within a peer group setting, where many young people are developing relationships and some are looking for potential long-term partners and spouses Prevalence of rape within intimate relationships and families is the rea- son this subject is so important for studies related to the family Cohen Civil Protection Orders Mandatory Arrest/ Pro Arrest Laws Court Ordered Treatment Domestic Violence Courts Services for Domestic Violence Victims NYT: The Divorce Surge is Over But the Myth Lives On Divorce rates increased in the 1970s and 1980s, but in the last 20 years they have dropped No longer true that the divorce rate is rising, or that half of all marriages end in divorce Marriages in this country are stronger today than they have been in a long time reasons for the drop in divorce, including later marriages, birth control and the rise of so-called love marriages Two-thirds of divorces are initiated by women fewer people are getting married marriages have gotten more stable a long view is likely to show that the rapid rise in divorce during the 1970s and early 1980s was an anomaly- ccurred at the same time as a new feminist movement, which caused social and economic upheaval marriage trends are part of the force behind social inequality- decline in divorce is concentrated among people with college degrees NYT: The Decisive Marriage - Tara Popea how thoughtfully couples make decisions can have a lasting effect on the quality of their romantic relationships Couples who are decisive before marriage (intentionally defining their relationships, living together and planning a wedding) appear to have better marriages than couples who simply let inertia carry them through major transitions many couples avoid real decision-making Couples who slide through their relationship transitions have poorer marital quality than those who make intentional decisions about major milestones decisions and experiences with others before marriage had a lasting effect on the relationship having a big wedding also was related to a stronger marriage Couples who started out in a casual sexual relationship were less likely to have a high-quality marriage associations among past experiences, decision-making and relationship quality, and caution that a number of variables may influence a marriage Sliding through life-altering transitions leads to a worse outcome (said Dr. Stanley) NYT: The All-or-Nothing Marriage According to the marital decline camp- marriage has weakened (Higher divorce rates reflect a lack of commitment and a decline of moral character that have harmed adults, children and society in general) according to the marital resilience camp- marriage has experienced disruptive changes like higher divorce rates, such developments are a sign that the institution has evolved to better respect individual autonomy, particularly for women The average marriage today is weaker the best marriages today are much stronger gap between the benefits of good and mediocre marriages has increased "All or Nothing"- challenges the conventional opposition between marital decline and marital resilience; but it also has implications for policy makers looking to bolster the institution of marriage history of marriage echoes the classic "hierarchy of needs" expectations were set at the low levels of Maslow's hierarchy during the institutional era, at medium levels during the companionate era and at high levels during the self-expressive era on average Americans are investing less in their marriages Government actions that reduce inequality and family-friendly work policies like on-site child care are likely to help strengthen marriage unemployment, juggling multiple jobs and so on- made it increasingly difficult for less wealthy Americans to invest the time and other resources needed to sustain a strong marital bond Parents and Children Lecture Division of labor at the transition to parenthood Parents and Children Lecture 15.5 hours of physical child care 6 hours of child engagement 42 hours doing paid work 13.5 hours doing housework Parents and Children Lecture 10 hours of physical child care 46 hours of paid work 9 hours of housework Parents and Children Lecture Acessability - being on call near the child but not directly engaged in home care Engagement- one on one care such as feeding, playing, bathing, reading, homework Responsibility- thinking of the childs emotional, social, and physical development Parents and Children Lecture Discipline Play Emotional Support Monitoring of activities and playmates Basic care Parents and Children Lecture Relate to young children differently influence is often indirect influence is long term as well as short term how they act with their children is what makes the difference, not how much time they spend Work and Families Lecture Husbands benefit more than wives from marriage protects men from death more than women protects their physical health more than women gives men better psychological well being than women men recieve more social support in commitment and caring from wives then they give in return Work and Families Lecture More attracted to marriage, but get less out of it most negative for women whose only roles are those of wife and mother employed women are physically/mentally healthier than non employed women even for employed women, overload between jobs and household obligations mothers, more than fathers, experience the stresses associated with parenthood mothers tend to me more acutely aware of economic strains Work and Families Lecture Mens marriage standard is lower than womens women are more relationship oriented than men (accustomed to thinking and talking about their feelings ; more attuned to the needs of others) Work and Families Lecture Role of women in paid labor has changed dramatically change has also occured in who does housework and childcare Work and Families Lecture Balancing work and family is increasingly difficult without a support person who takes care of family responsibilities Work and Families Lecture Stressful events in one part of a person's daily life often spill over into other parts of his/her life (work-family conflict) Work and Families Lecture State of having too many roles with conflicting demands Work and Families Lecture Working long hour- associated with elevated risks of four chronic conditions Heart
Disease Work and Families Lecture self-consciously committed to child rearingmothers belief that children need an abundance of energy, time, and resources child centered, expert-guided, emotionally absorbing, labor-intensive, and financially expensive Work and
Families Lecture comparison between women's and men's typical earnings can be determined by comparing weekly or annual earnings Work and Families Lecture Women and men tend to 'choose' different occupations after college Women tend to work shorter hours and require more flexible schedules Work
and Families Lecture Workers with disabilities -paid less overall than workers without disabilities Sexual orientation and gender identity are connected to discrimination and harassment in workplaces Work and Families Lecture Women are more likely than men to work part time or take time out of the workforce Mothers typically are paid less (the "motherhood penalty") while fathers typically are paid more (the "fatherhood bonus") Work and Families Lecture Eligible employees are entitled to 12 workweeks of unpaid leave in a 12-month period Work and Families Lecture A work setting in which job conditions are designed to allow employees to meet their family responsibilities more easil Work and Families Lecture Policy allows employees to be flexible with hours within limits Work and Families Lecture standard work week is compressed into fewer than five days Work and Families Lecture Time off from work to care for child Work and Families Lecture greater flexibility in terms of requesting extended periods of time off without losing employee rights Work and Families Lecture Doing work from home using electronic communication What is the feminization of poverty quizlet?The term "Feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that there is an increasing concentration of poverty among women, especially among unmarried women with children.
What are likely causes of the feminization of poverty quizlet?Terms in this set (35). The. Feminization of. ... . The are three major causes of Feminization. Lower wages paid to women. ... . Lower wages paid to women. In every nation, women average less pay than men.. Lose-lose situation. ... . Glass ceiling. ... . executive suite. ... . Barbara Noble's response to "glass ceiling" ... . Sticky Floor.. What is known about the long term effects of divorce on children quizlet?What are some of the long-term effects of divorce? Scored significantly lower on measures of academic achievement, acceptable conduct, psychological adjustment, self-concept, and social relations, although the differences were not always large. Influence of having experienced parental divorce extends into adulthood.
What is an effect of divorce on children quizlet?Some short-term effects of divorce include lower self-esteem, anxiety, depression, less quality contact with parents, and standard of living decreases.
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How is feminization of poverty revealed in outcomes related to children in families that have experienced divorce quizlet?
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