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Related QuestionVanillin (used to flavor vanilla ice cream and other foods) is the substance whose aroma the human nose detects in the smallest amount. The threshold limit is $2.0 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{g}$ per liter of air. If the current price of $50 \mathrm{g}$ of vanillin is 112 dollar, determine the cost to supply enough vanillin so that the aroma could be detected in a large aircraft hangar with a volume of $5.0 \times 10^{7} \mathrm{ft}^{3}.$ Presentation on theme: "Sensation & Perception"— Presentation transcript: 1 Sensation & Perception
2 Sensation Def:the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of
sensory information to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) 3 Sensation Stimulation of the senses is mechanical; results from sources of energy like light and sound or from presence of chemicals, as in smell and taste
4 Perception Not mechanical but interpreted
5 Perception It reflects learning and expectations and the ways in which we organize incoming information about the world.
Personal reality relies on: -vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch 6 Absolute Threshold The weakest amount of a stimulus that can be told
apart from no stimulus at all Table 4.1 pg.126 Ex: Taste About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water 7 Absolute Threshold There
are individual differences in absolute thresholds Ex: Pitch -the highness or lowness of a sound, as determined by the frequency of the sound waves 8 Difference Threshold The minimal difference in intensity required between two sources of energy so that they will be perceived as being
different (Ex: Weight Lifting-2 lbs needed before noticing a difference) Table 4.2 pg.127 (toothpick ex) 9 Signal-Detection Theory
10 Signal-Detection Theory
11 Signal-Detection Theory
12 Sensory Adaptation The process by which we become more sensitive to stimuli of low magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli of relatively constant magnitude Sensitization vs. Desensitization
13 Sensitization The process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation (positive adaptation) Ex: Dark theater we become more sensitive to faces and objects as time elapses
14 Desensitization Becoming less sensitive to ongoing stimulation
15 Vision & Dimensions of Color 16
The Eye Pages Know the different parts of the eye and their functions for the test 17 Rods and Cones Photoreceptors in the retina
18 Rods Rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light They allow us to see in black and white
19 Cones Cone-shaped photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color
20 Light Adaptation Dark adaptation: adjusting to lower lighting 21 Light Adaptation cont… 22 Dimensions of Color Wavelength of light determines its color, or hue 23 Warm and Cool Colors Warm:red/orange/yellow colors side
(burn) 24 Saturation The degree of purity of a color 25 Saturation Hue: adding black Tint: adding white
26 Complementary The colors across from one another on the color wheel
27 Primary Colors Colors that cannot be produced by mixing pigments of other hues Red Blue Yellow
28 Secondary Colors derived by mixing primary colors
29 Tertiary Colors derived by mixing primary and adjoining secondary colors Yellow-green Bluish-purple
30 Afterimage The lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed Look on page 138 Perception of the complementary color after
first color is removed 31 Afterimage Similar or comparable colors 32 Visual Perception 33
Color Blindness Trichromat: A person with normal color vision
34 Color Blindness Partial blindness is more common than total color blindness Partial color blindness is a gender or sex-linked trait that strikes mostly males (found on X chromosome) 35 Visual Perception Relies on our knowledge, expectations, and motivations An active process by
which we interpret the world around us Meaningless splotches handout 36 Perceptual Organization
37 Figure-ground Perception
38 Gestalt Organization Closure-perceive broken figure as being complete or
whole Proximity-nearness, group together objects that are near one another Similarity-group together objects that are similar in appearance 39 Gestalt
Organization 4) Continuity-perceive a series of points or lines as having unity 5) Common fate-perceive elements that move together as belonging together
40 Top-Down Processing The use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern
Ex:puzzles Box picture=“top” Finding pieces=“top down process” 41 Bottom-up
Processing The organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose Start with bits and pieces of info and become aware of the pattern formed by the assembled pieces only after you have labored a while Ex: puzzles with the box picture 42
Perception of Movement
43 Perception of Movement
44 Depth Perception Monocular cues:cues that can be perceived by one eye, to create an illusion of depth Perspective:a monocular cue for depth based on the
convergence (coming together) of parallel lines as they recede into the distance 45 Interposition A monocular cue
for depth based on the fact that a nearby object obscures a more distant object behind it Same size but which one seems closer? 46
Shadowing A monocular cue for depth based on the fact that opaque objects block light and produce shadows Shadows give a sense of 3-dimentionality
47 Texture Gradient A monocular cue for depth based on the perception that closer objects appear to have
rougher (more detailed) surfaces 48 Motion Parallax A monocular
cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion Mountains-move with us (greater distances) Trees, roadside markers-move rapidly
49 Binocular Cues Stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both
eyes Ex: close one eye and bring fingertips together Ex: roll up paper and you will see a hole in your hand
50 Retinal disparity-difference in the image cast by an object on the retinas of the eyes as the object moves closer or farther
away Ex: index finger to nose 51 Constancy Color Constancy- objects retain color even though lighting conditions may alter
their appearance Brightness-object just as bright even though lighting conditions changes its intensity Shape- object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates 52 Visual illusions
Spinning Circle Pg. 151-152 The Hering-Helmholtz 53 The Ganzfeld Contours are important Little sensory change can lead
to: 54 Vision and Balance Exercise: stand
on one foot, then close your eyes, then try after you spin around a few times Maintaining balance depends on visual cues to some extent 55 Hearing
56 Pitch and Loudness The pitch of a sound is determined by its frequency, or the
number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz (Hz). Hz=one cycle per second The greater the number of cycles per second (Hz), the higher the pitch of the sound (women vs. men)
57 Loudness Amplitude:loudness of a sound that is determined by its height of sound
waves Decibel (dB): a unit expressing the loudness of a sound (Sound waves of various frequencies and amplitudes) 58 Loudness Tones (musical sounds) 59 White Noise Discordant sounds of many frequencies, often producing a lulling effect
60 The Ear Diagram: Page 155-157 The Outer Ear The Middle Ear 61 Deafness 28 million Americans have impaired hearing
62 Conductive Deafness The forms of deafness in which there is loss of conductions of sound through the middle ear Have high absolute
thresholds for detection of sounds at all frequencies Elderly profit from hearing aids 63 Sensorineural Deafness 64 Smell and Taste 65 Smell Smell
and taste are the chemical senses 66 Smell Smell makes crucial contribution to the flavor
of foods
67 Smell Odor: the characteristic of a substance that makes it perceptible to the sense of smell Odors detected by sites on receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high
in each nostril Olfactory: Having to do with the sense of smell 68 Smell Olfactory nerve: the nerve that
transmit information concerning odors from olfactory receptors to the brain 69 Smell Mixtures of smell sensations help produce broad range of odors 70 Taste -sour -salty -bitter 71 Taste Flavor of food involves taste but is more complex Apples and onions same taste qualities but their flavors differ greatly
72 Taste Depends on its odor, texture, temperature as well as its taste
73 Taste Cells Receptor cells that are sensitive to taste Located on taste buds
74 Taste buds the sensory organs for taste. They contain taste cells and are located on the tongue 10,000 taste buds-located near the edges of tongue and the back of
tongue 75 Taste Buds Specialized a bit Sweetness: tip of tongue
76 Taste buds We all have different taste worlds Strong genetic component 77 Taste buds Elderly complain their food has little or no taste-more likely to experience a decline in the
sense of smell Older people experience the loss of flavor. 78 The Skin Senses Touch Pressure Warmth Cool Pain 79 Touch and Pressure Sensory receptors at the roots of hair cells
appear to fire in response to touching the surface of the skin “get the feel of”-touching fabric by running our hands over it. Sensation fade quickly if held still 80 Touch and Pressure “Active touching”-involves reception of information that concerns not only touch but also pressure, temperature, and
feedback from muscles 81 Touch and Pressure Two-point threshold:the least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the person will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions. Assess our sensitivity to pressure (fingertips, lips, noses, and cheeks are much
more sensitive than our shoulders, thighs, and calves) 82 Touch and Pressure Differential sensitivity occurs for 2 reasons: 83
Temperature Receptors for temperature are neurons beneath the skin
84 Pain Pain is a signal that something is wrong in the body 85 Phantom Limb Pain The pain occurs in the absence of (present) tissue
damage, but the pain itself is real enough (war veterans) Sometimes involves activation of nerves in the stump of missing limb Pain reflect activation of the neural circuits that store memories connected with the missing limb 86 Kinesthesis The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies Can humans can detect the odor of 1 one millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air? Smell: Sampling Molecules in the Air. The act of smelling, or olfaction. Humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air. An odor is a sample of the substance being sensed.
Which of the following is true about Aristotle's contribution to psychology?Which of the following is true of Aristotle's contribution to psychology? He argued that human behavior is subject to rules and laws. According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is: an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts.
What the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not is called the?The independent variable (IV) in psychology is the characteristic of an experiment that is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment. For example, in an experiment looking at the effects of studying on test scores, studying would be the independent variable.
Which of the following best describes psychokinesis?Which of the following best describes psychokinesis? It refers to the ability to mentally manipulate or move objects.
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