A systemic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience Show A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activity such as, thinking, wishing, & hoping. Occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events. Process of learning the associations relating to associative learning When a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response Automatic stimulus response connections Unconditioned Stimulus (U.S.) A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning ; food was the US in Pavlov's experiments. Unconditioned Response (U.R.) A unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the Unconditioned Stimulus : In Pavlov's experiment, drooling in response to food was the UR A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned Response (CR) Is the learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after CS-US pairing. The first part of classical conditioning is The initial learning of the connection between the US & CS when these two stimuli are paired. A type of learning that occurs without awareness or effort, Classical Conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. Discrimination (in classical Conditioning ) The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others. To produce this, Pavlov gave good to the dog only after ringing the bell & not after any other sounds. Extinction ( In Classical Conditioning) The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent Without association with the US the CS loses is power to produce the CR The process in classical Conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after time a time delay, without further Conditioning The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context A classical Conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus A decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a persons ability to fight diseases A special kind of classical Conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea The decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repressed presentation How neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned Classical Conditioning is a form of Respondent Behavior Behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea-producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus such as sweet water that was paired with the drug. Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behaviors The process by which a stimulus of event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by a desirable stimulus. For example : if someone you meet smiles at you after you say,"Hello, how are you?" And you keep talking, the smile has reinforced your talking The frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable. Occurs when the organism learns that by making a particular response, a negative stimulus can be altogether avoided Experience with unavoidable negative stimuli can lead to a particular deficit in avoidance learning = learned helplessness An organisms learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes. It's innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable Acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a learned or conditioned reinforcer Generalization ( in Operant Conditioning) Performing a Reinforced behavior in a different situation Discrimination ( in Operant Conditioning) Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced Extinction ( in Operant Conditioning) Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced. Schedule of reinforcement Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced There are four main schedules of partial reinforcement 1. Fixed Ratio These invoke the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to reward Refer to the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded. Reinforced a behavior after a set number of behaviors Example: a child might receive a piece of candy or an hour of video game play not every time he practices, but after five days of practice, at least an hour a day. A timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis Example: a slot machine might pay off at an average of every 20th time, but a gambler does not know when this payoff will be. The slot machine might pay off twice in row and then again until after 58 coins have been inserted. This averages out to a reward for every 20 behavioral acts, but when the reward will be given is unpredictable. Reinforces the first behavior after the fixed amount of time has passed A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur ; a response decreases because of it unpleasant consequences The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in orders to decrease the frequency of that behavior Applied Behavior or Behavior Modification The use of operant Conditioning principles to change human behavior. Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior. Observational Learning has four steps 1. Attention Latent Learning (Implicit Learning) Unreinforced Learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution. When the unconditioned stimulus is absent?4) Extinction is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
What in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent?Extinction refers to the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. Figure 8.4 Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous Recovery.
What is the weakening of a conditioned response?In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops.
What in the classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response?What is Extinction (Classical Conditioning)? In classical conditioning, is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. exp: After conditioning the dog to salivate at the sound of a bell, Pavlov rang the bell repeatedly in a single session and did not give the dog any food.
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Is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent?
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