Depression, also known as major depressive disorder, is a mood disorder that makes you feel constant sadness or lack of interest in life. Show
Most people feel sad or depressed at times. It’s a normal reaction to loss or life's challenges. But when intense sadness -- including feeling helpless, hopeless, and worthless -- lasts for many days to weeks and keeps you from living your life, it may be something more than sadness. You could have clinical depression, a treatable medical condition. Is Depression Curable?There’s no cure for depression. Your symptoms may go away over time, but the condition won’t. But with care and treatment, you can reach remission and enjoy a long, healthy life. Depression SymptomsAccording to the DSM-5, a manual doctors use to diagnose mental disorders, you have depression when you have five or more of these symptoms for at least 2 weeks:
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While these symptoms are common, not everyone with depression will have the same ones. How severe they are, how often they happen, and how long they last can vary. Your symptoms may also happen in patterns. For example, depression may come with a change in seasons (a condition formerly called seasonal affective disorder). It's not uncommon for people with depression to have physical signs of the condition. They may include joint pain, back pain, digestive problems, sleep trouble, and appetite changes. You might have slowed speech and movements, too. The reason is that brain chemicals linked to depression, specifically serotonin and norepinephrine, play a role in both mood and pain. Childhood depression is different from the normal "blues" and everyday emotions most kids feel. If your child is sad, it doesn’t necessarily mean they have depression. It's when the sadness stays day after day that depression may be an issue. Disruptive behavior that interferes with normal social activities, interests, schoolwork, or family life may also be signs of a problem. A lot of teens feel unhappy or moody. When the sadness lasts for more than 2 weeks and a teen has other symptoms of depression, there may be a problem. Watch for withdrawal from friends and family, a drop in their performance at school, or use of alcohol or drugs. Talk to your doctor and find out if your teen may be depressed. There is effective treatment that can help teens move beyond depression as they grow older. Doctors haven’t pinpointed exact causes for depression. They think it may be a combination of things, including: There are a few types of depressive disorders that doctors can diagnose, including:
Your depression may have other specific features, such as: It’s common for people to have other medical or mental health problems along with depression, such as anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, phobias, substance use disorders, and eating disorders. If you or a loved one has symptoms of depression or another mental illness, talk to your doctor. Treatments can help. Anybody who thinks or talks about harming themselves should be taken very seriously. Do not hesitate to call your local suicide hotline right away. Call 800-SUICIDE (800-784-2433); 800-273-TALK (800-273-8255); or, for the hotline for the hearing impaired, call 800-799-4889. Or contact a mental health professional ASAP. If you intend or have a plan to commit suicide, go to the emergency room right away. Warning signs include: Watch for these signs if your child or teen starts taking antidepressants. In some cases, people under 25 may have more suicidal thoughts in the first weeks of taking these medicines or when they take a different dose. In order to diagnose you with depression, your doctor will use several methods, including:
If you or someone you know has symptoms of the condition, talk to your doctor. They can evaluate you and offer you treatment or refer you to a mental health professional. The type of treatment your doctor recommends will depend on your symptoms and how severe they are. You may need one or more of the following: SOURCES: National Institute of Mental Health: "What is Depression?" “Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.” American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR, American Psychiatric, 2000. Fieve, R., MD. Bipolar II, Rodale Books, 2006. The Journal of the American Medical Association: “Recommendations for Screening Depression in Adults,” 2016. Medscape: “Substance-induced Mood Disorder.” Mayo Clinic: “Depression (major depressive disorder).” Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Women’s Mental Health: “PMS and PMDD.” Clinical Neurophysiology: “Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at high and low frequency: an efficacious therapy for major drug-resistant depression?” Shelton C. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2004. Hu Z. Drugs, 2005. British Medical Journal: "Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John's wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine." What is one factor in prenatal development that has been found to be related to increased incidences of schizophrenia later in life?Perinatal factors
Women who are malnourished or who have certain viral illnesses during their pregnancy may be at greater risk of giving birth to children who later develop schizophrenia. For example, children born to Dutch mothers who were malnourished during World War II have a high rate of schizophrenia.
Which category of antidepressant drugs operates by blocking the transporter proteins that reabsorb serotonin dopamine and norepinephrine?Drugs known as SSRIs—selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—work by stopping serotonin from being reused by binding to the serotonin transporter (SERT) and blocking serotonin transport.
Which category of antidepressants operates by blocking the enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines and serotonin into active forms?Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SRIs)
What Bleuler meant by schizophrenia was a split between which aspects of experience?The term “schizophrenia” was coined by Eugen Bleuler around 1910, and roughly translates to “splitting of the mind”, a term not meant to suggest a split personality, but to describe a separation of psychological functions: cognition, percept and affect.
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