Strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within a group.

actor-observer biasphenomenon of explaining other people’s behaviours are due to internal factors and our own behaviours are due to situational forcesageismprejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their ageaggressionseeking to cause harm or pain to another personaltruismhumans’ desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helpingAsch effectgroup majority influences an individual’s judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurateattitudeevaluations of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negativeattributionexplanation for the behaviour of other peoplebullyinga person, often an adolescent, being treated negatively repeatedly and over timebystander effectsituation in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distresscentral route persuasionlogic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument’s worthinesscognitive dissonancepsychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person’s behaviours, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one’s positive self-perceptioncollectivist cultureculture that focuses on communal relationships with others such as family, friends, and communitycompanionate lovetype of love consisting of intimacy and commitment, but not passion; associated with close friendships and family relationshipsconfederate person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research designconfirmation biasseeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypesconformitywhen individuals change their behaviour to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the groupconsummate lovetype of love occurring when intimacy, passion, and commitment are all presentcyberbullyingrepeated behaviour that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place onlinediffusion of responsibilitytendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the groupdiscriminationnegative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular groupdispositionismdescribes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behaviour is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperamentempathycapacity to understand another person’s perspective—to feel what he or she feelsfoot-in-the-door techniquepersuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favour, or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favour or purchase of a larger itemfundamental attribution errortendency to overemphasize internal factors as attributions for behaviour and underestimate the power of the situationgroup polarizationstrengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the groupgroupthinkgroup members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensushomophilytendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, business relationships, and many other types of relationships, with others who are similarhomophobiaprejudice and discrimination against individuals based solely on their sexual orientationhostile aggressionaggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause painin-groupgroup that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging toin-group biaspreference for our own group over other groupsindividualistic cultureculture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomyinformational social influenceconformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct informationinstrumental aggressionaggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause paininternal factorinternal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperamentjust-world hypothesisideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deservejustification of efforttheory that people value goals and achievements more when they have put more effort into themnormative social influenceconformity to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the groupobediencechange of behaviour to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequencesout-groupgroup that we don’t belong to—one that we view as fundamentally different from usperipheral route persuasionone person persuades another person; an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues (such as positive emotions and celebrity endorsement) to associate positivity with a message persuasionprocess of changing our attitude toward something based on some form of communicationprejudicenegative attitudes and feelings toward individuals based solely on their membership in a particular groupprosocial behaviourvoluntary behaviour with the intent to help other peopleracismprejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their racereciprocitygive and take in relationshipsromantic lovetype of love consisting of intimacy and passion, but no commitmentscapegoating act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goalscriptperson’s knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific settingself-disclosuresharing personal information in relationshipsself-fulfilling prophecy treating stereotyped group members according to our biased expectations only to have this treatment influence the individual to act according to our stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefsself-serving biastendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes and situational or external attributions for negative outcomessexismprejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sexsituationismdescribes a perspective that behaviour and actions are determined by the immediate environment and surroundings; a view promoted by social psychologistssocial exchange theoryhumans act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintain a relationship, with the goal to maximize benefits and minimize costssocial facilitationimproved performance when an audience is watching versus when the individual performs the behaviour alonesocial loafingexertion of less effort by a person working in a group because individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group, thus causing performance decline on easy taskssocial normgroup’s expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behaviour of its memberssocial psychologyfield of psychology that examines how people impact or affect each other, with particular focus on the power of the situationsocial rolesocially defined pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given setting or groupstanford prison experimentStanford University conducted an experiment in a mock prison that demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts stereotypespecific beliefs or assumptions about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristicstriangular theory of lovemodel of love based on three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment; several types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components