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What Was the Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange was a trade and exchange network across the Atlantic. The Columbian Exchange was the spread of animals, cultures, diseases, ideas, plants, and people between the Americas, Western Africa, and Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. The term describes the early centuries of trans-Atlantic trade and everything that moved across these new maritime trading routes. The Columbian Exchange was named after the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus controlled by Europeans and European colonists a wealth creator that enriched Europe and European colonists built on the mass exploitation of indigenous Americans and enslaved Africans Video: Mr. Heimler on the Columbian Exchange Video: The Columbian Exchange Causes of the Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of goods across the Atlantic began following Europe’s conquest of the Americas and the construction of European-controlled societies and economies. The Columbian Exchange resulted from Europeans’ exploration, conquest, and settlement of the Americas. Once Europeans were in the Americas, the following secondary causes increased the amount of exchange in goods and people across the Atlantic. The rapid expansion of European ancestry populations in the Americas The development of a commercial economy in the Americas The increased production of agricultural products on cash crop plantations The forced relocation of enslaved Africans into the Americas Effects of the Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange resulted in the diffusion of plants and animals, people, and diseases across the new Atlantic trade routes. The Columbian Exchange changed the natural environments, cultures, and societies of the old and new worlds. Plants and animals transferred across the AtlanticThe transfer of plants and animals between the old and new worlds began with the voyages of Christopher Columbus. The transfer of crops: The Columbian Exchange resulted in the diffusion of thousands of varieties of plants across the Atlantic. Crops that moved through the Columbian Exchange had many uses: Enjoyment Coffee Chocolate Tobacco Decorative Tomatoes (not originally food) Medical Cinchona tree (malaria medication)
The transfer of animals: Before the Europeans arrived, the Americas had few domesticable animals for labor, transportation, or to use as a food source. Europeans quickly began importing domesticated animals to serve those purposes. On Columbus’s second voyage (1493-1496), cattle, horses, and pigs were introduced into the Americas. Initially, most animals went from Europe to the Americas. Eventually, American animals like Alpacas, llamas, turkeys, and guinea pigs made their way to Europe. Environmental impacts of the spread of plants and animals in the Americas: The introduction of new plants and animals in the Americas resulted in rapid ecological changes. Deforestation increased as trees were cut down to make room for plantations. Soil depletion increased as over-farming stripped lands of their nutrients. Water pollution increased as waste from cash crop agriculture entered water supplies. Invasive species like wild hogs took over habitats from native plants and animals.
 Populations moved across the AtlanticMillions of people crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas. Voluntary European migration: European migration into the region was largely voluntary, aside from some indentured servants. 6 million Europeans migrated to the Americas between 1492 and 1820 40% were Portuguese or Spanish The forced relocation of Africans: The importation of enslaved Africans into the Americas began soon after the arrival of Europeans in the Americas. Most enslaved people worked on agriculture plantations growing cash crops like sugar, cotton, and tobacco. Others worked as domestic servants in mines or on building projects. The number of years enslaved Africans were trafficked into the Americas The number of enslaved people sold out of Africa The number of enslaved Africans that died crossing on the Atlantic The number who died in dangerous jobs and from overwork Diseases transferred across the AtlanticDiseases brought by Europeans to the new world had devastating effects on indigenous populations. These diseases included
The impacts of disease on native populations: Within two hundred years of Europeans’ arrival in the Americas, millions of natives died from diseases. Afro-Eurasian populations had developed some genetic protection from these diseases from hundreds and thousands of years of exposure. Because they remained unexposed to these diseases before European arrival, Native Americans had no genetic protection. Some scholars say syphilis may have spread from the Americas to Afro-Eurasia, possibly by one of the crews of Christopher Columbus. However, this theory is controversial, with many medical historians arguing that syphilis was present in Afro-Eurasia before contact with the Americas. 1520: Smallpox epidemic (8 million deaths) 1545: exact causes are debated by scholars, but DNA evidence points to typhoid fever 1576: similar to 1545 outbreak and DNA evidence also points to a potential typhoid outbreak Population Collapse of Indigenous Natives in Mexico 16th Century The Columbian Exchange Primarily Benefited EuropeansThe benefits of the Columbian Exchange largely went to European peoples and societies. The Columbian exchange’s benefits went to Europeans in Europe and those in the Americas of European ancestry. Indigenous Americans and African populations had their lands, resources, and labor stolen to create the wealth generated by the Columbian Exchange.
European Gains and Native Loses from the Columbian Exchange What happened as a result of the Columbian Exchange?New food and fiber crops were introduced to Eurasia and Africa, improving diets and fomenting trade there. In addition, the Columbian Exchange vastly expanded the scope of production of some popular drugs, bringing the pleasures — and consequences — of coffee, sugar, and tobacco use to many millions of people.
What effects did the Columbian Exchange have on the new world?The travel between the Old and the New World was a huge environmental turning point, called the Columbian Exchange. It was important because it resulted in the mixing of people, deadly diseases that devastated the Native American population, crops, animals, goods, and trade flows.
How did the Columbian Exchange affect the New World and Europe?The exchange introduced a wide range of new calorically rich staple crops to the Old World—namely potatoes, sweet potatoes, maize, and cassava. The primary benefit of the New World staples was that they could be grown in Old World climates that were unsuitable for the cultivation of Old World staples.
What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on natives?The people already living in the Americas suffered many epidemics following contact with Europeans, and the death toll was massive. Large cities were nearly wiped out. Some communities on the Caribbean islands lost most of their people. Between 1492 and 1650, the population of indigenous Americans decreased rapidly.
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The columbian exchange between western europe and the native peoples of the new world resulted in
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