What is cognition Cognition- the mental activity that associate with thinking knowing and remembering ● Cognitive psychology The study of theses mental processes ● Thinking ● intelligence ● language Thinking ● Involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts solving problems, making decision and reflecting in a critical or creative manner ● Prototype model The best example of a category If an object is similar to our prototype we are better able to recognize it We base our concepts based on prototypes These aren't always perfect though Show
Reasoning ● The mental activity of transforming information to reach a conclusion ● Involved in problem solving and critical thinking Inductive reasoning ● Reasoning from specific observation to make generalization ● One way we form beliefs about the world Deductive reasoning ● Reasoning from a general principle that we known to be true Errors in judgment and decision making ● Confirmation bias Ignoring or finding fault with information that does not fit our opinions and seeking information with which we agree ● Hindsight bias The tendency to falsely report that we accurately predicted an outcome after the ourdome has happened Representativeness heuristic (bias) ● The tendency to make judgment about group membership based on physical appearance or the match between a physical appearance or the math between a person and one stereotype Availability heuristic ( bias) ● A prediction about the probability of an event based on information that can be recalled from personal experience Intellectual disability ● A condition of limited mental ability that affects function in 3 domains (conceptual skills, social skills, practical skills) Theories of multiple intelligence ● Analytical intelligence- ability to analyze judge evaluate compare contrast ● Creative intelligence- ability to create, design, invent, originate, and imagine ● Practical intelligence - ability to use, apply and put ideas into practice Language ● Doesn't have to be words ● Properties of language Phonemes Morphemes Semantics Presentation on theme: "Cognition: Thinking and Language"— Presentation transcript: 1 Cognition: Thinking and Language
2 Cognition Refers to the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing. Includes:
Memory, Thinking, and Language Mental processes 3 Thinking The mental process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively. Forming Concepts Problem Solving Decision Making Critical
Thinking Creativity 4 Concept A mental category that is used to group
objects, events, and characteristics. The concept of a chair has common features: four legs seat back Prototype: The first example of a concept that comes to mind. 5 Steps in Problem Solving 6 Problem Solving There are two ways to solve problems: 7 Problems The Candle Problem The Nine-Dot Problem
8 Problem Solving Obstacles
9 Functional Fixedness NASA wanted a way for astronauts to write notes in space The problem was
pens need gravity for the ink to flow After many years and millions of dollars, NASA discovered a new fluid that would allow astronauts to write in space How did the Russian’s solve this same problem?
10 Decision Making Reasoning: The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions. Inductive Reasoning: Reasoning from specific observations to make
generalizations. Deductive Reasoning: Reasoning from general case that is known to be true to a specific instance. Decision Making: The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them. 11
Framing Decisions Refers to the way an issue is presented or posed.
12 Decision Making Obstacles
13 Confirmation Bias The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them. 14 Base Rate Fallacy The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid
information. 15 Hindsight Bias The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. “I knew
it all along effect!” 16 Representativeness Heuristic
17 Availability Heuristic 18 Overconfidence The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
19 Belief Perseverance The tendency to cling to our beliefs in the face of contrary evidence.
20 Critical Thinking Means thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence. Metacognition: The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.
Mindfulness: The state of being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities. Open-mindedness: The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things.
21 Creative Thinking Creativity: The ability to think about something in novel and
unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. Divergent thinking: Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem. Brainstorming Convergent thinking: Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem. The best answer Creative thinkers use both types of thinking. Inventions What is the mental use of information to solve a problem making decision or create a concept?Definition. Simply put, critical thinking is the act of deliberately analyzing information so that you can make better judgements and decisions. It involves using things like logic, reasoning, and creativity, to draw conclusions and generally understand things better.
What is a mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others?Thinking (Cognition): Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.
Is the mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them?Heuristics are the actual mental rules humans employ when making decisions such as choosing an action from a set of alternatives or deciding when to stop searching for a better option.
What is it called when we mentally group together objects events or ideas that have similar characteristics?Concepts. A concept is a mental category that groups similar objects, events, qualities, or actions.
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