Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications that can be prescribed based on a person’s genetic makeup. Show Many drugs that are currently available are “one size fits all,” but they don't work the same way for everyone. It can be difficult to predict who will benefit from a medication, who will not respond at all, and who will experience negative side effects (called adverse drug reactions). Adverse drug reactions are a significant cause of hospitalizations and deaths in the United States. Researchers are learning how variants in genes affect the body’s response to medications. These genetic differences will be used to predict whether a medication will be effective for a particular person and which dose will help prevent adverse drug reactions. Conditions that affect a person’s response to certain drugs include clopidogrel resistance, warfarin sensitivity, warfarin resistance, malignant hyperthermia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis, and thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency. The field of pharmacogenomics is growing, and new approaches are under study in clinical trials. In the future, pharmacogenomics will be used to develop tailored drugs to treat a wide range of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease, cancer, and asthma. Skip Nav Destination Articles| April 01 2004 Gary Ginsberg, PhD; *Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut Search for other works by this author on: Dale Hattis, PhD; ‡Clark University, Center for Technology, Environment & Development, Worcester, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Richard Miller, PhD; §Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York Search for other works by this author on: Babasaheb Sonawane, PhD ‖National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC Search for other works by this author on: Reprint requests to (G.G.) Connecticut Department of Public Health, Box 340308, Mail Stop 11CHA, Hartford, CT 06134. E-mail: Pediatrics (2004) 113 (Supplement_3): 973–983.
Pharmacology and toxicology share a common interest in pharmacokinetic data, especially as it is available in pediatric populations. These data have been critical to the
clinical pharmacologist for many years in designing age-specific dosing regimens. Now they are being used increasingly by toxicologists to understand the ontogeny of physiologic parameters that may affect the metabolism and clearance of environmental toxicants. This article reviews a wide range of physiologic and metabolic factors that are present in utero and in early postnatal life and that can affect the internal dose of an absorbed chemical and its metabolites. It also presents a child/adult
pharmacokinetic database that includes data for 45 therapeutic drugs organized into specific children’s age groupings and clearance pathways. Analysis of these data suggests that substantial child/adult differences in metabolism and clearance are likely for a variety of drugs and environmental chemicals in the early postnatal period. These results are also relevant to in utero exposures, where metabolic systems are even more immature, but exposures are greatly modified by the maternal system and
placental metabolism. The implications of these child/adult differences for assessing children’s risks from environmental toxicants is discussed with special focus on physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling strategies that could simulate children’s abilities to metabolize and eliminate chemicals at various developmental stages. Copyright © 2004 by the American Academy of Pediatrics 2004 You do not currently have access to this content. Sign inPay-Per-View Access $25.00 Citing articles viaEmail alertsHow do pharmacokinetics occur differently between mother and baby?Immaturity of glomerular filtration, renal tubular secretion and tubular reabsorption at birth and their maturation determine the different excretion of drugs in the pediatric population compared to adults.
Are infants less sensitive to drug response?Metabolism: Rates of drug metabolism in the infant are lower than the metabolism rates in children and adults. biotransformed in inactive compounds as readily as they are in children and adults, resulting in higher levels of circulating active drugs and greater potential of toxicity. adults.
How is absorption different in pediatric patients?Absorption can be affected by the differences in gastric pH and stomach emptying time that have been observed in the pediatric population. Low plasma protein concentrations and a higher body water composition can change drug distribution.
|
The nurse understands which are the pharmacokinetic reasons for medication sensitivity in infants
zusammenhängende Posts
Urheberrechte © © 2024 defrojeostern Inc.
