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The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, & Assessment Terms in this set (284)The first attempt to identify and describe the structural characteristics of personality was to develop ___ systems. typology Trait psychologists believe that one can take any person and place him or her somewhere along a ___. continuum Trait psychologists differ from other approaches because they are usually less interested in ___ one's behavior in a given situation. predicting While research shows personalities continue to develop, the changes are ___. gradual Trait psychologists are more likely to be ___ than practicing therapists. academic researchers Somehow just after college Allport managed to arrange a meeting with ___. Sigmund Freud The nomothetic approach to personality measurement looks at ___ traits. common Allport used the term ___ for the 5 or 10 traits that best describe an individual's personality. central traits Gordon Allport agreed with the ___, who argued that personality develops long after childhood. neo-Freudians
According to Murray, each of us can be described in terms of a personal ___. hierarchy of needs The projective test developed by Murray is the ___. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Raymond Cattell argued that psychologists should not begin with a ___ list of personality traits. preconceived To discover the structure of personality, Cattell used a sophisticated statistical technique called ___. factor analysis The ___ dimension of the Big Five categorizes people according to their level of emotional stability and personal adjustment. neuroticism When ___ terms are included in the factor analysis of personality, two additional personality factors emerge in the new structure. evaluative Today most psychologists agree that the person and the situation ___ to determine behavior. interact A trait is more likely to predict a person's behavior if that trait is ___ for the person. relevant or central Research has shown that among the Big Five personality factors, the best predictor of performance is ___. conscientiousness Employers have used scores from ___ to make hiring and promotion decisions for many years. personality tests ___ are more widely used today than any other form of personality assessment. Self-report inventories Of particular interest to psychologists who use personality inventories are scores that are significantly ___ than those obtained by most test takers. faking The extent to which people present themselves in a favorable light is called ___. social desirability Social desirability scores are useful when testing the ___ validity of a new personality scale or measure. discriminant The type approach assumes that every person fits into one personality category and the behavior of people in one category is different from people in another category. Which of the following is true about the trait approach? No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach. Brad is a trait psychologist who works as a researcher at the local university, where he attempts to identify behavior patterns that can be represented along a continuum. From his research, Brad found that relatively few people score extremely high or low along a trait dimension The major trait theories went beyond the examination of a few traits and all of the above (described the nature of traits; explained the relationship between traits and other psychological factors; described the structure of personality) The trait approach is built on the assumption that personality characteristics are relatively stable over time and that personality characteristics are relatively stable over situations too An advantage of using an idiographic approach to personality is that the person rather than the researcher determines what traits to examine People with traits that dominate their personality can be described with a cardinal trait In terms of personality development, Allport believed that babies at birth have no concept of themselves as distinct from the environment Which of the following is not a psychogenic need? safety Henry Murray proposed that each person can be described by a personal hierarchy of needs that none of the above (he used to adequately predict behavior; is used to compare one person's needs to other's; assists therapists in explaining one's behavior) Murray referred to each environmental force that activates a need as a press According to Cattell, ___ traits ultimately constitute the human personality. source Which of the following is not a factor among the Big Five? psychoticism People high on the ___ dimension are helpful and sympathetic to others. agreeableness Steven is a college sophomore who likes to go to the weekly campus lecture series and take courses outside of his major. Given this information, trait researchers would classify Steven as high in openness Jimmy seems to be extremely disorganized with his books and papers, and his answers on homework are seldom presented in a clear and organized fashion. When called upon in class, Jimmy often needs the question repeated because of distractions. On which one of the Big Five dimensions of personality would Jimmy score low? conscienctiousness Which of the following is true about the five-factor model? Hypotheses about the origin of the five factors were generated after the results of the research were seen. According to Walter Mischel, the trait approach to personality does not predict behavior well. Epstein argued that the reason many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior is that they don't measure behavior correctly. In psychological testing, a 100-item test has a greater ___ than a test with only two yes-no questions. internal consistency Which of the following is not a problem with self-report inventories? scoring Rosenthal, who compared the amount of variance accounted for in personality research to variance accounted for in other fields, found little evidence for a correlation between taking aspirin and heart attack. Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to how well people perform in the workplace, many researchers now address the questions of personality and job performance by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model. Among the criticisms of the MMPI are questions about all of the above (the validity of the scales; the appropriateness of some of the norm data; the nature of some of the constructs being measured) Paul is a subject in personality research and fills out a lengthy personality inventory. While answering the questions, he begins to respond with answers that make him look better than if he were answering honestly. Paul's response tendency is known as social desirability. In which way is the trait approach similar to other approaches to personality? Trait theory has generated a great deal of research. The idiographic approach to personality has advantages. For example: the person rather than the researcher determines what traits to examine. Many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior. Epstein has argued that the reason for this failure is because researchers don't measure behavior correctly. True or False: Trait psychologists believe that one can take any person and place him or her somewhere in a set of categories. False True or False: The nomothetic approach to personality measurement looks at cardinal traits. False True or False: The projective test developed by Murray is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). True True or False: To discover the structure of personality, Cattell used a sophisticated statistical technique called correlation analysis. False True or False: Research has shown that among the Big Five personality factors, the best predictor of performance is conscientiousness. True The five basic dimensions of personality found in many factor analytic studies. Big Five The 5 to 10 traits that best describe a person's personality. central traits A statistical procedure used to determine the number of dimensions in a data set. factor analysis A method of studying personality through in-depth analysis of one individual and the dimensions relevant to that person's personality. idiographic approach A method of understanding personality that compares many people along the same personality dimensions. nomothetic approach An approach to understanding behavior that maintains behavior is a function of the person as well as the situation. person-by-situation approach In Murray's theory, a relatively stable predisposition toward a type of action. psychogenic need The extent to which test takers tend to respond to items in a manner that presents them in a positive light. social desirability A dimension of personality used to categorize people according to the degree to which they manifest a particular characteristic. trait The original researchers of achievement motivation were not interested in all kinds of achievement. They specifically were interested in entrepreneurial behavior The opportunity to receive concrete ___ for their performance is important to people high in need for Achievement. feedback Which of the following is indicative of high need for Achievement? A student who is motivated to avoid failure on an exam. Good advice for parents who want to raise their children to have a high need for Achievement is to find a balance between encouragement and robbing the child of initiative. Because scores on self-report inventories often do not correspond to scores on the TAT, some researchers have made a distinction between implicit motives and self-attributed motives. With respect to gender, nearly all of the early research in achievement motivation was conducted on males Which of the following is true about gender and achievement? Men and women differ in the way they define success. According to the ___ approach to achievement motivation, we often ask ourselves why we have done as well as we have. attribution Which of the following is not a dimension of attributions? Reliability In terms of specific achievement goals, mastery goals are concerned with developing competency in various tasks. Which of the following students would perform best in a college class? Students instructed by teachers who emphasize mastery of skills Research on Type A behavior began as a medical concept and later came under the study of academic researchers. Jerry and George work for an advertising agency in Chicago. Their employer has labeled Jerry as a Type A personality and George as a Type B. Which of the following is a likely difference between Jerry and George? Jerry does not procrastinate as often as George. According to laboratory experiments that examine how Type A and Type B people respond to achievement tasks, the single best way to motivate a Type A person is to set up a situation of competition. Most of the early failure to uncover a significant relationship between Type A behavior and heart disease using self-report inventories occurred because Type A is a collection of several behavioral tendencies only one of which may cause health problems. Shy people often stumble over their words, feel awkward, and show outward signs of nervousness. Which of the following statements is true about social anxiety? all of the above (socially anxious people were less likely to agree with the other person; little attempt was made by shy people to be polite to the other person; shy people attempted to minimize the amount of evaluation by the other person) Lisa frequently experiences nervousness in her job and can become angry when the pressures of her work increase. Which dimension of emotion is illustrated by Lisa's behavior at work? Negative effect Which of the following has been demonstrated by research on emotional affectivity? Negative affect is related to psychological stress. Emotional expressiveness refers to a person's ___ of emotions. outward display Which of the following is true about emotional expressiveness? all of the above (The more expressive of emotions, the fewer problems in romantic relationships; Highly expressive people tend to have higher self-esteem; Women tend to be more expressive than men) Research found that women going through surgery for breast cancer experienced less ___ during the year following surgery if they were optimistic rather than pessimistic individuals. distress Which of the following is a reason why defensive pessimists deliberately take a pessimistic approach? To prepare themselves for failure When defensive pessimists are allowed to worry about an upcoming test, they ___ than people not allowed to worry. felt better
Psychologists draw a distinction between approach goals and avoidance goals because people are not only motivated to succeed but also to not fail. What can be done for people at risk for heart disease due to high levels of hostility? Provide programs designed to reduce anger responses and replace them with relaxation. Which of the following is a possible reason for the relationship between social activity and positive affect? all of the above (Social activity causes positive effect; People with high positive effect tend to make friends; People engage in social activity because of positive affect) Suppose you have friends with their first newborn. From what you have learned in personality class, in order to raise their child to have high need for Achievement you advise your friends to find a balance between encouragement and robbing the child of initiative. According to the ________ approach to achievement motivation, we often ask ourselves why we have done as well as we have. attribution You read about a study of varying task difficulty in the textbook. In this study researchers threatened the participants' perception of their control. The researchers found that the most difficult task aroused Type A participants more than Type B. In one study presented in the textbook, participants were asked to engage in a five-minute "get acquainted" conversation. The researchers found in this study that shy people attempt to minimize the amount of evaluation by the other person. Among the conclusions we can draw from research on emotional affectivity, which of the following has been clearly demonstrated? Negative affect is related to psychological stress. Research has found that women going through surgery for breast cancer experience less ________ during the year following surgery if they were optimistic rather than pessimistic individuals. distress Suppose your roommate is a defensive pessimist and has a major test coming up. If you let your roommate worry about the test, the likely results is that your friend will ________ than people not allowed to worry. feel better True or False: Predictably, high need achievers work hard at everything and tackle tasks with the potential for personal achievement with much energy. False True or False: Presidents whose inaugural speeches indicated a high need for Achievement usually are rated by historians as ineffective leaders. True True or False: Type A people often find more easygoing people a source of frustration. True True or False: Shy people are more likely than non-shy people to be polite. False True or False: Researchers have used the factor analysis statistical technique to examine the relation among various emotions. True goals Targets people aspire to in achievement situations achievement The strength or degree to which people typically experience their emotions. affect intensity The tendency to attend to and worry about failure on upcoming tasks in a strategic effort to motivate oneself to do well. defensive pessimism The extent to which a person typically adopts an optimistic or pessimistic approach to dealing with life's challenges. dispositional optimism The extent to which people typically experience positive and negative emotions. emotional affectivity The extent to which people outwardly express their emotions. emotional expressiveness A strong concern about receiving negative evaluations from others. evaluation apprehension The motive to engage in and succeed at entrepreneurial achievement behavior. need for Achievement A trait dimension indicating the extent to which people experience anxiety during social encounters or when anticipating social encounters. social anxiety The growing acceptance of the biological influences on personality is partly a reflection of behaviorism's decline in academic psychology. According to Hans Eysenck's model of personality structure, the level that consists of individual behaviors is called the ___ level. specific response Sherry has many friends and enjoys purchasing gifts for them on impulse. She gets excited when she surprises her friends with these gifts. Her behavior suggests that she is at the high end on the ___ supertrait dimension. extroversion Using factor analysis, Eysenck found that people who score high on the dimension of psychoticism tend to be all of the above (egocentric and aggressive; impulsive; not generally concerned with the rights and welfare of others) Among the arguments Eysenck made for the influence of biology on personality, which of the following was not included? The consistency of neuroticism over time. People with highly active BAS respond in which way to the rewarding consequences of their behavior? They take pleasure in anticipating rewards. In terms of the BAS and BIS systems, which of the following is a correct connection researchers have found with Eysenck's personality dimensions? BIS and neuroticism Which of the following is not a basic temperament according to Buss and Plomin? Connectivity Tonya is a three-year-old who accompanies her mother at a new place, her mother's dentist's office. While in the waiting room Tonya sees several new people and is handed a toy that she has never seen before. According to Kagan and his colleagues, if Tonya is an inhibited child, she will likely react to these circumstances with fear. Inhibited children are vulnerable to a specific form of anxiety generated by unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges. This form of anxiety is called anxiety to novelty Evidence for the biological basis of temperament includes which of the following physical differences that researchers have found between inhibited and uninhibited children almost from the moment of birth? all of the above (Susceptibility to allergies; Body build; Eye color) Researchers measured children's fear of unfamiliar situations at 21 months and again at four years of age. When the children were brought back to the laboratory at five and a half years, the researchers found that children who were inhibited at 21 months and again clung to their mother and father at four years were still inhibited in their behavior. Proponents of evolutionary personality theory use the process of natural selection to explain universal human characteristics. According to evolutionary personality psychologists, social exclusion leads to anxiety because experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function. Among the psychological mechanisms identified by evolutionary psychologists as resulting from the natural selection process is anger. Arguments given for the evolution of anxiety include all but which of the following?
A need to dominate others Which of the following is not a temperamental difference found to affect how a child performs in school? Attention to detail Larry is in kindergarten and shows signs of being inhibited. He is reluctant to engage in new activities and slow to adapt to new tasks given by his teacher. Larry is likely a slow-to-warm-up child Students get higher grades and better evaluations from teachers when the student's temperament matches the teacher's expectations. Sarah is a grade-school teacher who faces a variety of student capabilities in her class. According to the goodness of fit model, a good teaching strategy for Sarah would be to optimize learning by matching assignments and tasks with individual students' temperaments. Which of the following is false about differences in temperament patterns in children? Differences are related to intelligence. Which of the following psychological measures do personality researchers use? all of the above (Neuroimaging; Respiration; Hormone levels) Which of the following is an advantage of using the electroencephalograph (EEG)? The procedure is not uncomfortable. Using the EEG, researchers have found that higher activation in the left hemisphere is associated with smiling. A strength of the biological approach is that it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior. Which of the following is true about the biological differences between introverts and extraverts? Introverts and extraverts differ in how certain parts of their brains respond. According to research by Kagan and Snidman, approximately ___ percent of Caucasian American children can be classified as inhibited. 10 According to the text, the growing acceptance of the several biological influences on personality is a reflection of behaviorism's decline in academic psychology. Which of the following is not a basic temperament according to the three dimensional model of Buss and Plomin? connectivity The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes about from exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called anxiety to novelty. According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function. Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one? We all have a need to dominate others. Research has shown that temperamental differences can affect how a child performs in school. Which of the following is not a difference in the research? attention to details Which of the following is false about childhood differences in temperament patterns? Differences are related to intelligence. To get higher grades and better evaluations from teachers students should have a temperament that matches the teacher's expectations. Using the electroencephalograph (EEG), researchers have found higher activation in the left hemisphere is associated with smiling. True or False: Eysenck argued that extraverts and introverts differ only in their behavior and not in their physiological makeup. False True or False: Today researchers describe extraverts and introverts in terms of their different sensitivity to pain. False True or False: People who are easily upset or have a quick temper are high in emotionality affectivity. True True or False: Proponents of evolutionary personality theory use the process of natural selection to explain universal human characteristics. True True or False: The difference in right and left hemisphere activity is referred to as cerebral asymmetry by researchers. True A hypothetical biological system that is focused on seeking out and achieving pleasurable goals. behavioral approach system A hypothetical biological system that is focused on avoiding dangerous and unpleasant experiences. behavioral inhibition system Higher levels of brain activity in one cerebral hemisphere than the other. cerebral asymmetry A model proposing that a child performs best when the demands of the environment match with his or her temperament. goodness of fit model Inhibited children show strong anxiety about novel and unfamiliar situations; uninhibited children show very little of this anxiety. inhibited/uninhibited children General behavioral predispositions present in infancy and assumed to be inherited. temperaments The question of the origin of personality between genetics and the environment is not which of these shapes our personality but rather to what extent our personalities are shaped by each. Siblings' personalities may be similar because all of the above (children inherit personality traits from their parents; siblings share the same living environments during childhood; siblings are raised in the same way by parents) Twins that we commonly call identical are monozygotic Behavior genetics researchers have taken their data from twin studies and used formulas to estimate that roughly ___ percent of the stability in adult personalities can be attributed to genetics. 40 to 50 Which of the following is a problem for the assumption that MZ and DZ twins are raised in equally similar environments? MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins. Adoptions are not ___ events. random One problem with adoption studies is that the homes in which twins are placed are often very similar because families who adopt children are similar in important ways. The genetic influence of some personality traits may not be seen unless a specific combination of genes is inherited. Such complex influences are known as non-additive effects. Research on the genetic heritability of extraversion-introversion has made use of the twin-study method. Research has found that students who prefer a quiet, isolated room were more likely to be introverts A study of the library rooms preferred by different students demonstrated that extraverts preferred open rooms more than isolated rooms. Susan spends much of her time visiting friends and going to parties. Although she feels less positive about her mood on Monday than on Friday night, Susan is an extravert who likely experiences a more positive mood throughout the week than an introvert. The fact that friends often serve as an important buffer against stress supports the idea that extraverts have higher positive affect due to greater social activity. Why might extraverts not always be happier than introverts? Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive. Which of the following is true about parental investment? Males of many species are free to mate with as many females as they can. If you surveyed 100 men about the features in women they consider to be important for selecting a wife, which of the following items would be the most likely result? The most frequent feature identified is good looks. According to parental investment analysis, women prefer to mate with dominant men only if they are willing to provide for the welfare of their children. One result of human males' preferences in mate selection is women compete for a man's attention. A result of patterns of mate selection by human females is that men compete for a women's attention. With regard to mate selection, one limitation of evolutionary personality theory is that researchers cannot manipulate the variables they study. According to the logic of the twin-study method, which of the following statements is assumed? The genetics of DZ twins are different. Which of the following personality traits appears to be more highly correlated in monozygotic twins that dizygotic twins? all of the above (neuroticism; openness; conscientiousness) In terms of mate selection, evolutionary personality theory leaves unexplained all of the above (why men compete for women's attention; gay and lesbian mating choices; why women tend to prefer dominant men) Those twins we commonly call "identical twins" are more technically called monozygotic. Suppose you design a personality study in which you plan to use the twin-study method. You are probably conducting research to examine the influence of genetics on personality. Personality researchers sometimes examine the personalities of children who were adopted shortly after birth. They do this because genetic and environmental influences are not confounded like they are when examining children raised by their biological parents. The assumption that MZ and DZ twins are raised in equally similar environments can be problematic. Which of the following is a problem? MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins. Those acquaintances of yours who prefer quiet and perhaps isolated rooms in which to study are, according to research, more likely to be introverts For extraverts, friends often serve as an important buffer against stress. This finding supports the idea that extraverts have higher positive affect due to greater social activity. Research has found that extraverts are not always happier than introverts. Why not? Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive. We can safely say that one result of the human male's preference in mate selection is that
women will compete for a man's attention. One limitation of evolutionary personality theory with regard to mate selection is that researchers cannot manipulate the variables they study. True or False: For both technological reasons and ethical reasons, it is not possible to manipulate people's genes and observe the kind of adult they become. True True or False: The most popular method used to examine the role of genetics and the environment in personality is the factor analysis method. False True or False: Each person born an introvert will develop a lower sensitivity to stimulation than those born extraverts. False True or False: The result of achievement motivation is that extraverts experience more mood swings than introverts. False True or False: According to the parental investment analysis, men prefer to mate with women who will be able to provide for their offspring. False A procedure for examining the role of genetics on personality in which pairs of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are compared. twin-study method Emphasis on ___ in the 1960s provided fertile soil for the growth of humanistic psychology. individuality For Abraham Maslow, the turning point in his thinking about human personality came while he was watching a World War II parade. Which of the following is not a key element of humanistic psychology? Identity crisis Whereas psychoanalysts emphasize that adult personalities are formed in childhood, humanistic therapists focus on the here and now. When William approached Chelsea to ask her out on a date, she laughed at him and then ran away. To handle this rejection, William convinced himself that Chelsea really didn't turn him down, but rather she was laughing at something else. Which defense against anxiety does William's behavior illustrate? denial Which of the following is a characteristic of the fully functioning person, according to Rogers? all of the above (They are open to their experiences; They trust their own feelings; They pay attention to what is happening in the here and now) According to Maslow, the motive that results from a lack of some object is called a ___ motive. deficiency If you were shipwrecked and landed on a tropical island, you would most likely ___ first. look for food and fresh water Among the common misconceptions of Maslow's need hierarchy is the assumption that lower needs must be satisfied totally before we can satisfy higher needs. Self-actualized people tend to be more spontaneous. Sam has fulfilled his belongingness needs by falling in love and getting married to the woman of his dreams. This means that none of the above (it is now time to work on his need for self-actualization; Sam would never have become self-actualized without getting married; it is now time to work on his esteem needs) People lose their anxieties and experience a unity of self with the universe during peak experiences. When Csikszentmyhalyi asked people to identify a moment when they felt most alive and totally engaged in an activity, participants in his study said that all of the above (the task they were engaged in was challenging; the experience involved a task that demanded the person's full concentration; each step in the experience seemed to flow automatically to the next) According to Rogers, the proper therapeutic relationship between therapist and client includes which of the following? Transference During person-centered therapy the therapist offers ___ of what the client seems to be saying. a restatement When are people more likely to experience flow? When working at one's job Rogers believed that research into how people change during psychotherapy would help therapists improve their ability to work with clients. Which of the following is not a component of the optimal experience? Satisfaction is received from a task. The use of the Q-Sort technique of personality assessment fits nicely with Rogers's theory of personality because clients know themselves best. One criticism of the humanistic approach to personality is that many key concepts are poorly defined. Recent studies of psychotherapists have shown that many report including aspects of person-centered therapy in their work. There are several key elements of humanistic psychology. Each of the following is an element except one. Which one? identity crisis Which of the following is a characteristic of the fully functioning person, according to the psychology of Carl Rogers? all of the above (They trust their own feelings; They pay attention to what is happening in the here and now; They are open to their experiences) According to Maslow, the motive that results from a lack of some object is called a(n) ________ motive. deficiency There are many common misconceptions of Maslow's need hierarchy. Among them is the assumption that our lower needs must be satisfied totally before we can turn to higher needs. Among the many characteristics of self-actualized people, they tend to be more spontaneous. All of the following are among the eight components of the optimal experience except one. Which one? Satisfaction is received from a task. According to Rogers, there is a proper therapeutic relationship between therapist and client to achieve success. This relationship includes which of the following? unconditional positive regard True or False: According to Carl Rogers, individuals progress toward an ultimate satisfying state of being self-actualized. False True or False: The most common defense, according to Rogers, is the process of distortion. True True or False: Maslow believed very few people reach self-actualization, which is the point at which their potential is fully developed. True True or False: People report that during optimal experiences they feel as if they are caught in natural and effortless movement from one step to the next. True True or False: In a correlational analysis of Q-Sort responses, a zero correlation indicates that the client's real and ideal selves are highly related. False Acceptance and respect of people either only when they act as we desire (conditional) or regardless of their behavior (unconditional). conditional/unconditional positive regard A need that is reduced when the object of the need is attained. deficiency motive A psychologically healthy individual who is able to enjoy life as completely as possible. fully functioning person A need that leads to personal growth and that persists after the need object is attained. growth need In Maslow's theory, the order in which human needs demand attention. hierarchy of needs
A state of happiness and satisfaction characterized by absorption in a challenging and personally rewarding task. optimal experience An assessment procedure in which test takers distribute personal descriptions along a continuum. Q-Sort A state of personal growth in which people fulfill their true potential. self-actualization The perception of information at a less-than-conscious level. subception Advocates of the ___ approach probably have generated less empirical research than psychologists from other approaches. humanistic According to Jourard, our ___ increases when we disclose personal information to friends and loved ones. well-being According to the rules of disclosure reciprocity, people who disclose personal information in get-acquainted conversations tend to match each other's level of intimacy. In a study of self-disclosure in which students took turns volunteering information about themselves, the students all of the above (selected increasingly intimate topics; began with a discussion on trivial topics; tended to match their partners' level of intimacy) Robert makes business trips to different cities once or twice a week and flies from airport to airport frequently. Sometimes during long flights the passenger in the seat next to Robert engages him in a conversation. In these conversations between Robert an a perfect stranger, which is most likely? Robert will hear all kinds of personal information disclosed by the stranger. Which of the following is true about conversations among good friends? Noticeable signs of intimacy that are lacking in conversations with strangers. In a study in which participants read about someone who was either highly disclosing or not very disclosing, results showed that those who thought they were reading about a woman rated the person as better adjusted when she was disclosing. Self-disclosing men are seen as well adjusted as long as they talk about masculine topics. Men and women are more likely to be accepted when they disclose according to appropriate gender roles in society. For men, this means withholding information for the most part. Jenny participated in a research study for credit in her college psychology class. She was asked to write about an experience what was personally upsetting for 15 minutes every night for several nights in a row. Six months later Jenny is contacted by the researchers. Assuming Jenny is relatively healthy, which do you expect? No change in the average number of days Jenny misses class due to illness. Your best friend has been in a serious automobile accident. According to research on disclosure of traumatic experiences, you suggest that your friend talk about his or her feelings with friends or a trained therapist. Some psychologists believe that feelings of loneliness reflect a deeper concern about existential questions of both b and c (alienation; the search for meaning in one's life) Psychologists in which of the following approaches to personality have shown the most interest in the topic of human loneliness besides humanistic psychologists? Psychoanalytic approach Correlational research has revealed that lonely people tend to have difficulty making new friends. According to humanistic psychologists, one reason some people are chronically lonely is that they have low or negative expectations of themselves.
Diego is a lonely college student who has been given a group assignment for which he must evaluate his own performance and the performance of three other students in his group. It is likely that Diego's evaluation of his own performance is lower than his evaluation of the other members of the group. Although low self-esteem people have good or bad feelings about themselves, compared to others they lack a basic confidence in themselves. People low in self-esteem typically react to failure by not trying as hard When high self-esteem people are confronted with a negative evaluation, they tell themselves how well they do in other areas. Lenny is anxious about his statistics assignment because he received a very poor grade on his last paper and wants to please his teacher this time. In fact, Lenny's self-doubt comes from his constant behavior to put himself on the line. Which of the following best describes Lenny? His feelings of self-worth are not stable. In one study researchers pointed out flaws in participants' physical appearance. The participants who based their self-esteem on physical appearance felt alone and rejected. Results of research on time spent alone confirms the hypothesis that Americans spend a significant amount of time in solitude. In one study researchers compared the average self-esteem scores for Asian people as a function of their exposure to North American culture. Results showed that the most similar levels of self-esteem were obtained for recent immigrants, long-term immigrants, and second-generation Asian-Canadians. Several researchers have found that, for many people, isolation can have benefits. Studies have shown that solitude can be divided into different experiences based on the length of time spent alone. In one study undergraduates were asked to write about traumatic experiences over several sessions. Three months after this treatment, compared to students who wrote about trivial things, these students scored higher in self-acceptance Undergraduate students who base their self-worth on academic performances often experience depression Of the following, which is not a positive aspect of solitude? none of the above (Inner peace; Creativity; Spirituality) Which approach has probably generated the least empirical research in psychology? humanistic According to the rules of disclosure reciprocity, persons who disclose personal information in get-acquainted conversations tend to match each other's level of intimacy. If you had to say you learned something about conversations in this chapter, which of the following would it be? Noticeable signs of intimacy are lacking in conversations with strangers. Research has shown that men and women are more likely to be accepted when they disclose according to appropriate gender roles in society. For men, this means withholding information for the most part. There are many more lonely people than we tend to think. Some psychologists believe that people's feelings of loneliness reflect a deeper concern about existential questions of alienation. Correlational research conducted on lonely people has revealed that these individuals tend to have difficulty making new friends. Personality researchers have found that people with low self-esteem have a typical reaction to failure. They often react by losing their motivation. Suppose you have a stressful appointment for which you have not fully prepared because you want to please the people with whom you will meet. Your self-doubt comes from your constant behavior to always put your self-worth on the line. Personality psychologists would call this personality low self-esteem stability. One method researchers use in order to measure self-esteem stability is asking people to regularly report their feelings of self-worth. True or False: People engage in self-disclosure when they reveal general information about themselves to another person. False True or False: Research has shown that the more people talk about a tragedy like the death of a spouse, the fewer health problems they have. True True or False: In contrast to low self-esteem people, when faced with failure people with high self-esteem typically work just as hard as they do after successes. True True or False: In Western societies the concept of high self-esteem is related to what one does to fit in the society. False True or False: According to Maslow, people with a high need for privacy are not necessarily trying to escape from relationships. True The domains of self-concept an individual uses to evaluate his or herself. contingencies of self-worth The act of revealing intimate information about oneself to another person. self-disclosure Evaluation of one's self-concept, usually measured in terms of a relatively stable and global assessment of how a person feels about him- or herself. self-esteem Recommended textbook solutions Psychology: Principles in Practice1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus 1,024 solutions A Concise Introduction to Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,967 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Sets with similar termsPsych 305 Final47 terms jos1234 Psychology of Personality u of m89 terms SarahbluebloodPLUS Sets found in the same folder7-12110 terms henry_kaszoni psych 331 traits27 terms michkeegs Theories of Personality Exam 259 terms rcedi1031 personality exam 370 terms jbutts3 Other sets by this creatorCompetency 6 Knowledge Check: Instructional Strate…9 terms ckt0101 Competency 5 Knowledge Check: Assessment Strategie…14 terms ckt0101 Competency 4 Knowledge Check: Technology and Readi…8 terms ckt0101 Competency 3 Knowledge Check: Awareness and Differ…7 terms ckt0101 Verified questionsQUESTION Which drug is incorrectly matched with its category? a. Alcohol; stimulant. b. LSD; hallucinogen. c. Amphetamine; stimulant. d. THC; hallucinogen. e. Nicotine; stimulant. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research? a. Institutional Review Board approval. b. Informed consent. c. Confidentiality. d. Debriefing. e. Protection from physical harm. Verified answer QUESTION George, a senior in high school, was reminiscing with his friends about their first homecoming dance. A. Explain how each of the following psychological terms could help George’s recollection or memory of his freshman-year homecoming dance. -Flashbulb memory. -Mood-congruent effect. B. Explain how each of the following psychological terms could hinder George’s recollection or memory of his freshman-year homecoming dance. -Serial position effect. -Retroactive interference.-Misinformation effect. Verified answer
PSYCHOLOGY Choose the letter of the correct term or concept below to complete the sentence. a. rooting reflex b. maturation c. democratic/ authoritative families d. telegraphic speech e. schemas f. object permanence g. egocentric h. socialization i. sublimation j. developmental psychology. The study of changes that occur as an individual matures is __________. Verified answer Other Quizlet setsPsychology final study27 terms naturey-tang HBIO 400 // Motor Theories 121 terms tumtank URI PSY 235 Final98 terms lbontos PSYC 270 Final Practice Q's48 terms marykaitlynthegreat Related questionsQUESTION Clara asks you for advice on how much alcohol she should consume during her pregnancy, based on the available research evidence. To give her the best advice possible, how should you reply? 6 answers QUESTION Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism 12 answers QUESTION the extent to which peers in the same situation behave in a similar fashion 3 answers QUESTION In males, sexual dysfunction characterized by a recurring inability to achieve or maintain an erect penis 2 answers What are personality traits explain?Personality traits reflect people's characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Personality traits imply consistency and stability—someone who scores high on a specific trait like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in different situations and over time.
What is a main distinction between people who are shy and people who would be described as introverts?What is a main distinction between people who are "shy" and people who would be described as "introverts?" Shy people want a larger network of friends than they have, while introverts are usually comfortable with a smaller social network.
Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality quizlet?Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality? Trait researchers generally are not interested in understanding and predicting the behavior of a single individual. It is not easy to make comparisons across people with the trait approach.
How do we measure personality?How to Measure Personality? (5 Ways) | Psychology. Self-Report Tests of Personality: Questionnaires and Inventories: ... . Projective Measures of Personality: ... . Other Measures: Behavioral Observations, Interviews, and Biological Measures: ... . Personality and Health: The Type A Behavior Pattern, Sensation Seeking, and Longevity:. |
The strength or degree to which a person typically experiences his or her emotions is called
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