Presentation on theme: "Models of Abnormality Chapter 3."— Presentation transcript: 1 Models of Abnormality Chapter 3 Show
2 Models of Abnormality In science, the perspectives used to explain events are known as _________ or paradigms Each model spells out basic
assumptions, gives order to the field under study, and sets guidelines for investigation Models influence what investigators observe, the questions they ask, the information they seek, and how they interpret this information 3 Models of Abnormality Until recently, clinical scientists of a given
place and time tended to agree on a single model of abnormality – a model greatly influenced by the beliefs of their culture Today several models are used to explain and treat abnormal functioning Sometimes in conflict, each model focuses on one aspect of human functioning and no single model can explain all aspects of abnormality 4 The Biological Model Adopts a medical perspective 5 How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior?
6 How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior? 7 How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior? 8 How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal
Behavior? 9 How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal Behavior? 10 How Do Biological Theorists Explain Abnormal
Behavior?
11 Sources of Biological Abnormalities – Genetics 12
Sources of Biological Abnormalities – Genetics
13 Sources of Biological Abnormalities – Evolution 14 Sources of Biological
Abnormalities – Viral Infections 15 Biological Treatments 16 Biological
Treatments
17 Biological Treatments
18 Biological Treatments
19 Assessing the Biological Model 20 The Psychodynamic Model 21
How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning? 22 The Defense Never Rests: Defense Mechanisms to the Rescue 23 How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning?
24 How Did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning? 25 How Did Freud
Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning?
26 How Do Other Psychodynamic Explanations Differ from Freud's? 27
Psychodynamic Therapies 28 Psychodynamic Therapies 29 Psychodynamic Therapies 30 Assessing the Psychodynamic Model
31 The Behavioral Model Like psychodynamic theorists, behavioral theorists
believe that our actions are determined largely by our experiences in life Concentrates wholly on behaviors and environmental factors Bases explanations and treatments on principles of learning
32 The Behavioral Model The model began in laboratories where conditioning studies were conducted Several
forms of conditioning: Operant conditioning Modeling Classical conditioning All may produce normal or abnormal behavior 33 How Do Behaviorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? 34 How Do Behaviorists Explain
Abnormal Functioning?
35 Classical Conditioning
36 Behavioral Therapies Aim to identify the behaviors that are causing problems and replace them with more appropriate ones
May use classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling Therapist is “teacher” rather than healer 37
Behavioral Therapies Classical conditioning treatments may be used to change abnormal reactions to particular stimuli Example: systematic desensitization for phobia Step-by-step procedure Learn relaxation skills Construct a fear hierarchy Confront feared situations
38 Assessing the Behavioral Model 39 The Cognitive Model This model proposes that we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking at cognitive processes – the
center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions Argues that clinicians must ask questions about assumptions, attitudes, and thoughts of a client 40 How Do Cognitive Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?
41 Cognitive Therapies People can overcome their problems by developing new ways of thinking Main model:
Beck's Cognitive Therapy The goal of therapy is to help clients recognize and restructure their thinking Therapists also guide clients to challenge their dysfunctional thoughts, try out new interpretations, and apply new ways of thinking in their daily lives Widely used in treating depression
42 Assessing the Cognitive Model 43 Cybertherapy: Surfing for help 44 The
Humanistic-Existential Model
45 Rogers' Humanistic Theory and Therapy 46
Gestalt Theory and Therapy
47 Spiritual Views and Interventions 48 Existential Theories and Therapy 49 Existential Theories and Therapy 50 Saving Minds Along with Souls 51 Assessing the Humanistic-Existential Model 52 The
Sociocultural Models
53 How Do Family-Social Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? 54 How Do Family-Social Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? 55 Family-Social Treatments 56 Have Your Avatar Call My Avatar 57 How Do
Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? 58 How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? 59 Multicultural Treatments 60 Assessing the Sociocultural Models 61 Integration of the Models 62 Integration of the
Models What psychodynamic theorists give the greatest attention to the unified personality?Abnormal Psych Chapter 2. Which type of psychodynamic theorists propose that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with others?Object relations theorists propose that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with others and that severe problems in the relationships between children and their caregivers may lead to abnormal development (Yun et al., 2013; Kernberg, 2005, 1997).
What is the oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models?The oldest and most famous of the modern psychological models is the Behavioral model.
Which type of therapy helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes?CBT treatment usually involves efforts to change thinking patterns. These strategies might include: Learning to recognize one's distortions in thinking that are creating problems, and then to reevaluate them in light of reality. Gaining a better understanding of the behavior and motivation of others.
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