This is the second video in a two-part tutorial on primary and secondary sources. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Whereas
primary sources are considered the raw material of the historical record, and are usually created around the same time as the events they purport to document, secondary sources are further removed from these historical events or circumstances. Typically, secondary sources offer an interpretation of the past based on analysis and synthesis of primary sources. Examples of
secondary sources include: Secondary sources can be found in books, journals, or Internet resources. When we talk about secondary sources, most of the time we are referring to the published scholarship on a subject, rather than supplementary material like bibliographies, encyclopedias,
handbooks, and so forth. These supplementary materials are sometimes referred to as tertiary sources. A secondary source is analytical and interpretive. It may offer a new reading of historical events and primary sources that have been analyzed before, or present an analysis of events and sources that were previously unknown or not written about. A secondary source might also synthesize the work of other historians in order to formulate a totally new interpretation. You will use secondary
sources to identify the main currents of thought on your topic, and to answer questions, like: To identify secondary literature, you can do subject searches in the Online Catalog to
find books, or subject searches in article databases to find articles. The most important databases for finding peer-reviewed articles by historians are: America: History and Life, which covers the history of North America and
Historical Abstracts, which covers the rest of the world since 1450. You can also consult standard published bibliographies, like the American Historical Association’s Guide to Historical Literature, or specialized bibliographies, like this bibliography of medieval warfare. You may find more lengthy
treatments of the topic published as book chapters, journal articles, or even as individual monographs. You can read about the topic in a subject encyclopedia and look at the bibliography at the end of the entry. You can find a major work of scholarship on the topic, and follow up on the sources used by the author. Most of the time you will find the secondary literature you need by using Remember to keep track of all the sources you’ve used. At some point, you’ll want to list them in a bibliography of your own. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. Primary sources are original materials, regardless of format. Letters, diaries, minutes, photographs, artifacts, interviews, and sound or video recordings are examples of primary sources created as a time or event is occurring. Oral histories, newspaper or journal articles, and memoirs or autobiographies are examples of primary sources created after the event or time in question but offering first-hand accounts.  Primary sources may be transformed from their original format into a newer one, such as when materials are published or digitized, but the contents are still primary. There are many primary sources available online today, but many more are still available in their original format, in archives, museums, libraries, historical sites, and elsewhere. Published on June 20, 2018 by Raimo Streefkerk. Revised on July 22, 2022. When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a variety of sources. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include interview
transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary source gives you direct access to the subject of your research. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. A secondary source describes, interprets, or
synthesizes primary sources. Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary and secondary sources. A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people,
events, or phenomena that you are researching. Primary sources will usually be the main objects of your analysis. If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it yourself, so you need primary sources that were produced at the time by participants or witnesses (e.g. letters, photographs, newspapers). If you are researching
something current, your primary sources can either be qualitative or quantitative data that you collect yourself (e.g. through interviews, surveys, experiments) or sources produced by people directly involved in the topic (e.g. official documents or media texts).
What is a secondary source?A secondary source is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analyzes information from primary sources. Common examples include:
When you cite a secondary source, it’s usually not to analyze it directly. Instead, you’ll probably test its arguments against new evidence or use its ideas to help formulate your own. Primary and secondary source examplesPrimary and secondary source examples
Examples of sources that can be primary or secondaryA secondary source can become a primary source depending on your research question. If the person, context, or technique that produced the source is the main focus of your research, it becomes a primary source. Documentaries If you are researching the causes of World War II, a recent documentary about the war is a secondary source. But if you are researching the filmmaking techniques used in historical documentaries, the documentary is a primary source. Reviews and essays If your paper is about the novels of Toni Morrison, a magazine review of one of her novels is a secondary source. But if your paper is about the critical reception of Toni Morrison’s work, the review is a primary source. Newspaper articles If your aim is to analyze the government’s economic policy, a newspaper article about a new policy is a secondary source. But if your aim is to analyze media coverage of economic issues, the newspaper article is a primary source. How to tell if a source is primary or secondaryTo determine if something can be used as a primary or secondary source in your research, there are some simple questions you can ask yourself:
Primary vs secondary sources: which is better?Most research uses both primary and secondary sources. They complement each other to help you build a convincing argument. Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but secondary sources show how your work relates to existing research. What do you use primary sources for?Primary sources are the foundation of original research. They allow you to:
If you don’t use any primary sources, your research may be considered unoriginal or unreliable. What do you use secondary sources for?Secondary sources are good for gaining a full overview of your topic and understanding how other researchers have approached it. They often synthesize a large number of primary sources that would be difficult and time-consuming to gather by yourself. They allow you to:
When you conduct a literature review, you can consult secondary sources to gain a thorough overview of your topic. If you want to mention a paper or study that you find cited in a secondary source, seek out the original source and cite it directly. Remember that all primary and secondary sources must be correctly cited to avoid plagiarism. Frequently asked questions about primary and secondary sourcesHow can you tell if a source is primary or secondary? To determine if a source is primary or secondary, ask yourself:
Some types of source are nearly always primary: works of art and literature, raw statistical data, official documents and records, and personal communications (e.g. letters, interviews). If you use one of these in your research, it is probably a primary source. Primary sources are often considered the most credible in terms of providing evidence for your argument, as they give you direct evidence of what you are researching. However, it’s up to you to ensure the information they provide is reliable and accurate. Always make sure to properly cite your sources to avoid plagiarism. Is a movie a primary or secondary source? A fictional movie is usually a primary source. A documentary can be either primary or secondary depending on the context. If you are directly analyzing some aspect of the movie itself – for example, the cinematography, narrative techniques, or social context – the movie is a primary source. If you use the movie for background information or analysis about your topic – for example, to learn about a historical event or a scientific discovery – the movie is a secondary source. Whether it’s primary or secondary, always properly cite the movie in the citation style you are using. Learn how to create an MLA movie citation or an APA movie citation. Is a newspaper article a primary or secondary source? Articles in newspapers and magazines can be primary or secondary depending on the focus of your research. In historical studies, old articles are used as primary sources that give direct evidence about the time period. In social and communication studies, articles are used as primary sources to analyze language and social relations (for example, by conducting content analysis or discourse analysis). If you are not analyzing the article itself, but only using it for background information or facts about your topic, then the article is a secondary source. Is this article helpful?You have already voted. Thanks :-) Your vote is saved :-) Processing your vote... What types of sources are typically written by academics or other professionals with advanced degrees indicating expertise in their field of study?Good examples of secondary sources are newspaper or magazine articles, biographies, or a movie or book review. are those that are written by academics or other professionals with advanced degrees, indicating expertise in their field of study.
When using testimonies for supporting material in a presentation it always needs to come from an expert to be effective?When using testimonies for supporting material in a presentation, it always needs to come from an expert to be effective. Once a word or phrase is defined in a presentation, it is no longer important that the speaker remain consistent in the use of the defined word throughout the speech.
Why are academic essays and scientific reports usually good sources of information quizlet?Why are academic essays and scientific reports usually good sources of information? They have been peer-reviewed. What does it mean not to take information at face value?
When evaluating supporting materials Reviewing for currency means that the materials are free from mistakes or errors?When evaluating supporting materials, reviewing for currency means that the materials are free from mistakes or errors. When using an illustration as supporting material, it is not important to worry about the time being spent on it as listeners are typically engaged by stories.
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This type of source typically offers analysis, interpretation, or summary of the original source.
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