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What is Intelligence? -Intelligence: the ability to learn from experience,solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. -People assign this term to the qualities that enable success in their own time and culture. It doesn’t have the same meaning to everyone in every culture. Spearman and Thurstone’s Intelligence Theories -General Intelligence (g):underlies all mental abilitiesand is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. This was introduced by Charles Spearman. He noted that people have special abilities, but typically if you scored high in one area then you typically score higher in other areas similar to it. -Spearman’s belief in the g theory stemmed from factor analysis. -Thurstone was a critic of Spearman. He gave 56 teststo people and mathematically found seven different clusters of primary mental abilities. He found that those who scored well in one of the seven clusters generally scored well in the other ones too. -The seven clusters: word fluency, verbal comprehension,spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. -Several distinct abilities tend to cluster together and to correlate enough to define a general intelligence factor. -Mental activities are often likened to physical abilities. Athleticism is not one thing but many. The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Intelligence Theory -Raymond Cattell and John Hornsimplified Thurstone’sprimary mental abilities into two factors known as fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. -Fluid Intelligence (Gf):our ability to reason speedilyand abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood. An example would be solving logical problems. -Crystallized Intelligence (Gc):our accumulated knowledgeand verbal skills; tends to increase with age. An example of this is in vocabulary and applied skills. -The Gf and the Gc tend to work together by solving problems using accumulated knowledge. -John Carrollanalyzed hundreds of intelligence studiesand found support of the following: 1) there is a general intelligence factor 2) W have more specific abilities 3) Gf and Gc bridge the gap from general intelligence to specific abilities. We use our g-based fluid intelligence to learn, and we gain crystallized intelligence (specific abilities) in return. -Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory:The theory thatour intelligence is based on g as well as specific abilities, bridged by Gf and Gc. It affirmed the existence of Gf and Gc. And it identified more specific abilities, such as reading and writing ability, memory capacity, and processing speed. It also recognizes there are many abilities that comprise intelligence, but that these abilities exist under a broader umbrella of intelligence. Theories of Multiple Intelligences Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences -Howard Gardner has identified eightrelatively dependentintelligences, including verbal and mathematical aptitudes. focusNode Didn't know it? Knew it? Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into
your web page. Unit 13 Testing/Individual differences unit, 18-19 class
What refers to general factor that underlies mental ability?General intelligence, also known as g factor, refers to a general mental ability that, according to Spearman, underlies multiple specific skills, including verbal, spatial, numerical and mechanical.
What is the measure of an individual's intelligence which considers both his score in an intelligence test and his chronological age?If we compare the mental age of a person to the person's chronological age, the result is the IQ, a measure of intelligence that is adjusted for age. A simple way to calculate IQ is by using the following formula: IQ = mental age ÷ chronological age × 100.
Who believed intelligence consisted of one general factor called g underlying all mental abilities?The existence of the g factor was originally proposed by the English psychologist Charles Spearman in the early years of the 20th century.
Who proposed the theory of intelligence?British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863–1945) described the concept of general intelligence, or the "g factor." After using factor analysis to examine mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar.
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Underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every talk on intelligence tests
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