Violence either accidental or deliberate is the leading cause of childhood death

Injuries and violence are predictable and there is compelling scientific evidence for what works to prevent injuries and violence and to treat their consequences in various settings. This evidence has been collated into technical documents that can serve as a guide to support decisions for scaling up injury and violence prevention efforts – see:

• Save LIVES: a road safety technical package
• Preventing drowning: an implementation guide
• Violence prevention: the evidence
• INSPIRE: seven strategies for preventing violence against children
• RESPECT women: preventing violence against women  
• LIVE LIFE: suicide prevention implementation package
• SAFER: a world free from alcohol related harms

Analysis of the costs and benefits for several selected injury and violence prevention measures shows that they offer significant value for money, making investment in such measures of great societal benefit. For example, with regard to child injury prevention, a study found that every US$ 1 invested in smoke detectors saves US$ 65, in child restraints and bicycle helmets saves US$ 29, and in-home visitation saves US$ 6 in medical costs, loss productivity and property loss. In Bangladesh, teaching school-age children swimming and rescue skills returned US$ 3000 per death averted. The social benefits of injuries prevented through home modification to prevent falls have been estimated to be at least six times the cost of intervention. It is estimated that in Europe and North America, a 10% reduction in adverse childhood experiences could equate to annual savings of 3 million Disability Adjusted Life Years or US$ 105 billion.

Post-injury care:

For all injuries and violence, providing quality emergency care for victims can prevent fatalities, reduce the amount of short-term and long-term disability, and help those affected to cope physically, emotionally, financially and legally with the impact of the injury or violence on their lives. As such, improving the organization, planning and access to trauma care systems, including telecommunications, transport to hospital, prehospital and hospital-based care, are important strategies to minimize fatalities and disabilities from injury and violence. Providing rehabilitation for people with disabilities, ensuring they have access to assistive products such as wheelchairs, and removing barriers to social and economic participation are key strategies to ensure that people who experience disability as the result of an injury or violence may continue a full and enjoyable life.

WHO response:

WHO supports efforts to address injuries and violence in many ways, including by:

• developing and disseminating guidance for countries on evidence-based policy and practice including those listed above; 
• providing technical support to countries through programmes such as the Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety and the Global Partnership to End Violence against Children;
• documenting and disseminating successful injury prevention approaches, policies and programmes across countries;
• monitoring progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goal targets linked to injury, violence prevention, mental health and substance use – namely targets 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 5.2, 5.3, 16.1 and 16.2 – through global status reports on road safety and violence prevention, and on alcohol and health, and world reports on preventing suicide;
• through informal networks chaired by WHO such as the UN Road Safety Collaboration and the Violence Prevention Alliance, and others towards which WHO contributes like the Global Partnership to End Violence against Children, coordinating global efforts across the UN system including decades of action, ministerial conferences and weeks and days dedicated to injury-related topics to improve road safety and end violence;
• clarifying the role of Ministries of Health as part of multi-sectoral injury-prevention efforts, as reflected in Preventing injuries and violence: a guide for ministries of health, including its role in collecting data; developing national policies and plans; building capacities; facilitating prevention measures; providing services for victims, including emergency trauma care; promulgating legislation on key risks; and training journalists to improve reporting on these issues with a focus on solutions and by co-hosting biannual global meetings and regional meetings of Ministry of Health focal points for violence and injury prevention; and 
• co-hosting and serving on the International Organizing Committee for the series of biannual World Conferences on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, the 14th edition of which will take place in Adelaide, Australia, in 2022. 

ABSTRACT Despite the fact that children account for over half the Palestinian population, little attention has been paid to the problem of child injuries. We examined the types of injury mortality in children aged 0–19 years in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestinian Territory) and compared these with similar data for children in Israel and England and Wales. We used data from death certificates covering 2001–2003. Death rates per 100 000 children per year were estimated. The leading cause of injury mortality in Palestinian children was accidents caused by firearms missiles (9.6). In comparison, transport accidents were the leading cause of death in children in both Israel (5.0) and England and Wales (3.5).

Tirs de balles et vitesse des voitures : analyse de la mortalité infantile liée aux traumatismes dans le territoire palestinien

RÉSUMÉ Bien que plus de la moitié de la population palestinienne soit composée d’enfants, le problème des traumatismes chez l’enfant bénéficie de peu d’attention. Nous avons examiné les types de traumatismes mortels chez les enfants âgés de 0 à 19 ans en Cisjordanie et dans la bande de Gaza (territoire palestinien) et les avons comparés aux mêmes données concernant les enfants d’Israël, d’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles. Nous avons utilisé les données figurant sur les certificats de décès de la période 2001-2003. Les taux de mortalité pour 100 000 enfants par an ont été estimés. La mortalité liée aux traumatismes chez les enfants palestiniens avait pour principale cause les accidents provoqués par les projectiles d’armes à feu (9,6). Par comparaison, les accidents de transport étaient la principale cause de décès chez les enfants en Israël (5,0) ainsi qu’en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles (3,5).

1Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom (Correspondence to A. Shaheen:This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it).
Received: 07/01/07; accepted: 25/05/07
EMHJ, 2008, 14(2): 406-414

Introduction

Worldwide, injuries are the leading cause of death among children after their first birthday [1]. The relative importance of the problem varies according to the age and sex of the child. It also varies by geographical location and socioeconomic status. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 800 000 children under the age of 15 years were killed by injuries in 2002 [2]. It is thought that war and road traffic injuries are among the 10 leading causes of death for children aged 0–4 years living in the low and middle income countries of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region [3]. Likewise, injuries from road traffic, drowning, war, interpersonal violence, falls, fires and poisoning are among the 10 leading causes of death among children in the age group 5–19 years in that area [3].

It is believed that injuries are the leading cause of death among children in the Palestinian territory. They account for 23% and 52% of the total deaths among children aged 1–4 years and 5–19 years respectively [4]. Despite the fact that children aged 0–19 years account for over half (53%) the Palestinian population [5], little attention has been paid to the problem of child injuries. The published literature is limited to the intifada-related injuries [6,7].

This study aims to identify the types of injury that lead to death among Palestinian children aged 0–19 years. We also investigated whether the causes of injury mortality were different among children in Israel and the United Kingdom (UK). Our intention in analysing these data was so that our findings could enlighten Palestinian health policy makers about the magnitude of the child injury mortality problem, and to help them consider appropriate intervention policies to either limit or prevent the occurrence of injury among Palestinian children aged 0–19 years.

Methods

We obtained data on all deaths from injury in children aged 0–19 years between 2001 and 2003 in the Palestinian Territory from the Palestinian Health Information Centre, Ministry of Health, located in the Gaza Strip. Deaths were reported from each of the West Bank and Gaza Strip separately and were then compiled in a single database at the Palestinian Health Information Centre. For comparison, child deaths from injury in Israel were obtained from Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics, and child deaths from injury in England and Wales were provided by the Office for National Statistics, UK. Each data set included age, sex, external cause of injury and year of death. External causes of injury were defined according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10).

Our attempts at contact with other Arab countries, such as Jordan, were unsuccessful in obtaining injury mortality data for comparative purposed. Data from England and Wales were therefore used owing to their availability. However, the interpretation of the current results should take into account the use of data from England and Wales, which might introduce different causes of injury from those shown in the Palestinian data due to cultural and structural differences. When literature investigating the occurrence of injury in the Eastern Mediterranean countries and Israel were systematically reviewed, most articles were found to investigate injury morbidity. Those that studied injury mortality were either not broken down to the age groups of the population under investigation, or they investigated injury mortality in a different period than that used in our study (2001–2003), and used a different revision of ICD (E800–E999) [8,9]. However, in other articles investigating injury occurrences in the Gulf countries, comparisons with England and Wales were found to have been made [10,11].

We used published census data to calculate death rates from injury per 100 000 population. Assuming no change in the age distribution over the 3 years, the estimated population of the middle year (2002) was used to calculate the overall and specific injury mortality rates in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, while in Israel and England and Wales, we used the estimated population for the year 2001. The annual rates were estimated by dividing the specific injury mortality rates by 3. Stata, version 9.2, was used to estimate death rates with 95% confidence intervals. To compare age-specific mortality rates in the 3 countries, we standardized for age using a combination of the 3 populations as our standard population.

Results

The overall annual injury mortality rate in Palestinian children (18.1/100 000 children) was almost twice that in Israel (10.0/100 000 children) and more than 3 times that in England and Wales (5.2/100 000 children) (Table 1). In all 3 countries, the overall annual injury mortality rate was higher among boys than girls. Overall annual injury mortality rates were highest among children aged 15–19 years in all 3 populations (Table 1).

In each country, the leading causes of injury death varied according to age. The most common cause among Palestinian children aged 15–19 years was accidents caused by firearms missiles with annual mortality rate of 34.6 (95% CI: 31.2–38.3) deaths per 100 000 children, followed by transport accidents with annual mortality rate of 2.2 (95% CI: 1.4–3.3) deaths

per 100 000 children (Table 2). The most common cause among Palestinian children aged 10–14 years was accidents caused by firearms missiles, followed by transport accidents. The leading causes among those aged 5–9 years were transport accidents, accidents caused by firearms missiles and falls, and for children aged 0–4 years the leading causes of injury death were transport accidents, accidental drowning and submersion, and falls (Table 2).

The leading causes of injury death among Israeli children aged 15–19 years were transport accidents, intentional self harm, and assault, with annual injury rates of 11.8 (95% CI: 10.2–13.6), 5.8 95% CI: (95% CI: 4.8–7.2) and 2.6 (1.8–3.5) deaths per 100 000 children respectively. Transport accidents were also the most common cause of injury deaths among Israeli children aged 10–14, 5–9 and 0–4 years (Table 2).

In England and Wales, the leading causes of injury deaths among children aged 15–19 years were transport accidents, event of undetermined intent, and intentional self harm, with annual injury rates of 9.7 (95% CI: 9.1–10.3), 4.5 (95% CI: 4.1–4.9), and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9–2.5) deaths per 100 000 children. Transport accidents were also the most common cause of injury deaths among children aged 10–14 and 5–9 years. Among those aged 0–4 years, accidental suffocation, and exposure to unspecified man-made environmental factors were the most common cause of injury deaths (Table 2).

The overall injury mortality rate in the West Bank and Gaza Strip increased between 2001 and 2002 and then decreased somewhat between 2002 and 2003; the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001) (Table 3). The decrease between 2002 and 2003, however, mainly reflected the trend in the West Bank: injury mortality rates remained high in the Gaza Strip. Accidents caused by firearm missiles contributed the greatest proportion (62.3%) to the increase in overall injury mortality rates in the Palestinian Territory in 2002 (Figure 1).

In the 0–4 years age group, the rate of death from transport accidents [5.4/100 000 children (95%CI: 10.2–13.6)] was higher in the Palestinian Territory than in the UK and Israel (Table 2). Conversely, in the 15–19 years age-group, transport accident death rates were higher in Israel and England and Wales than in the Palestinian territory. The observed differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Discussion

Firearms missiles were the most common cause of injury death in Palestinian children aged 10–14 and 15–19 years. This is likely to be due to violence by the occupation forces. Previous studies have highlighted this and reported that children were deliberately targeted by soldiers, who directed their fire to the upper part of the body with intent to kill [6,12,13]. The injury mortality rate in children in the Gaza Strip was higher than in children in the West Bank, with a particularly strong peak in 2002 due mainly to injury from firearms missiles. The difference could be a consequence of the extensive violence imposed by the occupation on children living in Gaza [14].

Crowding and low socioeconomic status could be other risk factors for this increase. The Gaza Strip is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. It has a population density of 9000 persons per square mile [15], and has a high unemployment rate, estimated at 39.9% in 2002 [16].

One particular strength of this study is the use of mortality data, which may be more reliable than morbidity data, which suffer from under-reporting if reliant on medical records, because not all injured children will seek medical care [17]. On the other hand, under-reporting of cause of injury is common in Palestinian death certificates, particularly for intentional injuries [17]. Nevertheless, this is unlikely to change our conclusions substantially. In Israel as well as in England and Wales [18], under-reporting of cause of injury death is rare for children.

Calculating the incidence of injury among Palestinian children was based on the most up-to-date data, except for firearms missiles, provided by the Palestinian Health Information Centre. Unfortunately, data on 

the impact of injury in Palestinian children before the intifada were not available. The current data lack information regarding social class, hence an assessment of whether social class was a confounding variable was not possible. Data on transport mortality were not complete, hence we were unable to identify specific risk groups (drivers, pedestrians, cyclists or passengers). Owing to lack of data on age-specific mortality we were unable to investigate the impact of the injury problem on premature mortality, years of potential life lost prior to age 65.

Overall injury mortality rate was much higher in the Palestinian Territories than in Israel and England and Wales. This may be partly attributable to differences in socioeconomic status, for which we have been unable to control. In all 3 communities, injury mortality was higher among boys than girls and children aged 15–19 years were the most affected. With respect to the predominance of males, similar patterns have been reported in other studies [19,20]. Our findings support other reports showing that the injury mortality rate increases in the under 20 years age group [21,22].

Interestingly, the pattern of transport accidents in Palestinian children was markedly different from that in Israel and England and Wales. While the transport accident rate showed no or even negative association with age in Palestinian children, it showed a sharp rise in Israel and in England and Wales in children aged 15–19 years. In Palestinian camps and villages there are no real playing places and as a result young children are exposed to dangerous surroundings as they play in the streets [23].

The legal driving age in the Palestinian Territory is 16 years, but as a result of the low socioeconomic status, Palestinian adolescents have very limited access to cars. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics estimated the private car ownership to be 24.4 per 1000 population [24] compared to 232.7 per 1000 population in Israel and 433.6 per 1000 population in England and Wales. Further restrictions on travelling by private car are usually imposed by the military checkpoints of the occupation [25]. These checkpoints usually exist between Palestinian cities forcing people to travel on foot or to use public transport. In an attempt to avoid military checkpoints, some Palestinians use bypass roads which makes them a target for the occupation forces [13].

Conclusions

We have identified a particularly high injury death rate in children living in the Gaza Strip. This research provides a baseline orientation on the burden of injury mortality in children in the Palestinian Territory. It is hoped that our findings can stimulate and guide future research and interventional work focusing on this major public health problem. Intervention policies must be informed by valid morbidity data, and it is recommended that injury surveillance systems be set up. In the Palestinian Territory, health issues cannot be separated from the political issues. The current crisis situation is likely to impede effective implementation of intervention policies.

In order to reduce mortality due to firearms missiles in Palestinian children, the international community needs to take practical steps to activate the peace process. Several strategies have been recommended by Aboutanos and Baker to reduce the effect of war on civilians [26]. It is believed that prevention of selling, distribution and manufacture of firearm missiles, ammunition and land mines might be options to reduce the effect of war injuries on the civil population.

For transport accidents, accidental drowning and submersion, falls and assault, low cost intervention policies could be implemented to prevent the occurrence of these injuries among the Palestinian children. These policies could be based on a health education campaign that targeted parents. The media could be used to increase the awareness of the injury problem among the general population, in particular, with respect to transport accident deaths in children aged 0–4 years.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ford Foundation for sponsoring the study of the first author at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. We thank the Palestinian Health Information Centre, in particular Miss Khitam Hamad, for providing the mortality data. We also thank Professor Ian Roberts and Sir Iain Chalmers whose comments helped to improve this manuscript.

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