Certainty: all the information the decision maker needs is fully available.Risk: a decision has clear-cut goals and good info. is available, but the futureoutcomes associated with each alternative are subject to some chance of loss orfailure. However, enough info. is available to estimate the probability of asuccessful outcome versus failure.Uncertainty: managers know which goals they wish to achieve, but informationabout alternatives and future events is incomplete. Factors price, production costs,volume, future interest rates. A situation in which even a good decision mightproduce a bad outcome.Ambiguity: the goals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear,alternatives are difficult to define and information about outcomes is unavailable.Wicked decision problem- *highly ambiguous situations* conflicts over goalsand decision alternatives, rapidly changing circumstances, fuzzy information,unclear links among decision elements, and the inability to evaluate whether aproposed solution will work. Often no “right” answer.9-2 Decision-Making ModelsThe approach managers use to make decisions usually falls intoone of three types—the classical model, the administrativemodel, or the political model. The choice of model depends onthe manager’s personal preference, whether the decision isprogrammed or nonprogrammed, and the degree of uncertaintyassociated with the decision.9-2A The Ideal, Rational ModelClassical model: based on the assumption thatmanagers should make logical decisions that areeconomically sensible and in the organization’s besteconomic interest. Show
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Definition, similarities, and differences of Programmed Decision and non-programmed Decision are explained below; Programmed DecisionProgrammed decisions are those that are traditionally made using standard operating procedures or other well-defined methods. These are routines that deal with frequently occurring situations, such as requests for leaves of absence by employees. In routine situations, it is usually much more desirable for managers to use programmed decisions than to make a new decision for each similar situation. In programmed decisions, managers make a real decision only once, when the program is created. Subsequently, the program itself specifies procedures to follow when similar circumstances arise. The creation of these routines results in the formulation of rules, procedures, and policies. Programmed decisions do not necessarily remain confined to simple issues, such as vacation policies or similar such things; they are also used to deal with very complex issues, such as the types of tests that a doctor needs to conduct before performing major surgery on a patient with diabetes. To summarize; programmed decisions features are;
Non-Programmed DecisionNon-programmed decisions are unique. They are often ill-structured, one-shot decisions. Traditionally they have been handled by techniques such as judgment, intuition, and creativity. More recently decision-makers have turned to heuristic problem-solving approaches in which logic; common sense and trial and error are used to deal with problems that are too large or too complex to be solved through quantitative or computerized approaches. In fact, many management training programs on decision-making are designed to help managers think through problems using a logical, non-programmed approach. In this way, they learn how to deal with extraordinary, unexpected, and unique problems. Non-programmed decision features are;
Similarities of Programmed Decision & Non-Programmed DecisionDifferences between Programmed Decision & Non-Programmed Decision
Programmed decisions usually relate to structured problems while non-programmed decisions are taken to solve unstructured problems. It is also to be noted that the programmed decisions are taken at the lowest level whereas the non-programmed decisions are taken at the highest level of the organization hierarchy. Decisions made in response to situations that are unique unstructured or poorly This preview shows page 3 - 5 out of 6 pages. Programmed decisions and Non-Programmed decisions are the two basic types of decisions that managers make. This depends on their authority, responsibility, and position in the organizational decision-making structure. Definition, similarities, and differences of Programmed Decision and non-programmed Decision are explained below; Programmed DecisionProgrammed decisions are those that are traditionally made using standard operating procedures or other well-defined methods. These are routines that deal with frequently occurring situations, such as requests for leaves of absence by employees. In routine situations, it is usually much more desirable for managers to use programmed decisions than to make a new decision for each similar situation. In programmed decisions, managers make a real decision only once, when the program is created. Subsequently, the program itself specifies procedures to follow when similar circumstances arise. The creation of these routines results in the formulation of rules, procedures, and policies. Programmed decisions do not necessarily remain confined to simple issues, such as vacation policies or similar such things; they are also used to deal with very complex issues, such as the types of tests that a doctor needs to conduct before performing major surgery on a patient with diabetes. To summarize; programmed decisions features are;
Non-Programmed DecisionNon-programmed decisions are unique. They are often ill-structured, one-shot decisions. Traditionally they have been handled by techniques such as judgment, intuition, and creativity. More recently decision-makers have turned to heuristic problem-solving approaches in which logic; common sense and trial and error are used to deal with problems that are too large or too complex to be solved through quantitative or computerized approaches. In fact, many management training programs on decision-making are designed to help managers think through problems using a logical, non-programmed approach. In this way, they learn how to deal with extraordinary, unexpected, and unique problems. Non-programmed decision features are;
Similarities of Programmed Decision & Non-Programmed DecisionDifferences between Programmed Decision & Non-Programmed Decision
Programmed decisions usually relate to structured problems while non-programmed decisions are taken to solve unstructured problems. It is also to be noted that the programmed decisions are taken at the lowest level whereas the non-programmed decisions are taken at the highest level of the organization hierarchy. Decisions made in response to situations that are unique unstructured or poorly This preview shows page 3 - 5 out of 6 pages. Dhafi Quiz Find Answers To Your Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Easily at jwb37.dhafi.link. with Accurate Answer. >> This is a List of Available Answers Options :
Click Here to See Answer Dhafi Quiz Is an online learning educational site to provide assistance and insight to students who are in the learning stage. they will be able to easily find answers to questions at school.We strive to publish Encyclopedia quizzes that are useful for students. All facilities here are 100% Free. Hopefully, Our site can be very useful for you. Thank you for visiting. __________ _____ are made in response to situations that are unique, poorly defined, largely unstructured, and likely to have important consequences for the organization Which type of decision can be made when the problem to be solved is unclear information about outcome is unavailable and the alternatives are difficult to define?Ambiguity means that the goals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and information about outcomes is unavailable [6] .
Which of the following is a decision making technique that brings people together in an interactive group over a computer network?bringing people together in an interactive group over a computer network to suggest alternatives; sometimes called brainwriting.
What type of decision involves situations that have occurred often enough to enable decision rules to be developed and applied in the future?Programmed decisions involve situations that have occurred often enough to enable decision rules to be developed and applied in the future.
Which kind of decision making conditions means that all the information the decision maker needs is fully available?Decisions are made under the condition of certainty when the manager has perfect knowledge of all the information needed to make a decision. This condition is ideal for problem solving.
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What are made in response to situations that are unique are poorly defined and largely unstructured?
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