There are three sections, or branches, of the U.S. government. Find out what they are and how they work together through the system known as checks and balances. Executive branchPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited. The Resolute Desk in the Oval Office of the White House in Washington, D.C. Photograph by SAUL LOEB / AFP via Getty Images The president is the head of the executive branch and the country. He or she is responsible for signing and enforcing laws passed by Congress. This branch also includes the vice president and the president’s group of advisors, known as the Cabinet. Powers of the president —Makes treaties (that must be approved by the Senate) —Appoints judges and ambassadors (who must be approved by the Senate) —Calls Congress into session during “extraordinary occasions” —Enforces laws —Vetoes bills —Supports legislation —Issues executive orders, rules that don’t need Congress’s approval —Grants pardons to federal offenders legislative branchPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited. Photograph by Tim Graham / Getty Images The legislative branch consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate, which together form the United States Congress. This branch has the power to “check,” or limit, the president’s power. The law-creation system in the United States, in which members are voted in by the people. Congress writes and revises bills to send to the president to sign into laws. If the president vetoes one, they can override the veto if two-thirds of the representatives disagree with the president and make the bill into a law. Powers of Congress —Creates bills that can be voted into laws —Overrides the president’s vetoes with a two-thirds majority —Confirms or rejects the president’s appointments —Confirms or rejects the president’s treaties —Declares war —Impeaches the president judicial branchPlease be respectful of copyright. Unauthorized use is prohibited. Exterior of the Supreme Court Photograph by Richard Sharrocks / Getty Images The court system in the United States is known as the judicial branch. The Supreme Court is the highest court in this system. Powers of the Supreme Court — Decides if the laws passed by Congress or executive orders signed by the president are constitutional and legal —Declares acts from the president and Congress “unconstitutional” —Hears cases whose rulings in lower courts have been challenged From the Nat Geo Kids book Weird But True Know-It-All: U.S. Presidents by Brianna Dumont, revised for digital by Laura Goertzel WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE CALIFORNIA GOVERNMENT?Just like the federal government, California has a state constitution and a three-branch system.
These three branches work together to govern California. HOW DOES A BILL BECOME A LAW?In order to create a new law in California, a state assemblymember or senator must introduce the idea by writing a bill. The bill goes through a series of readings and discussions before the Assembly and Senate vote on it. If both houses pass the bill, it is sent to the Governor. The Governor has the option of signing the bill, rejecting it with a veto or allowing it to become law without his or her signature. If vetoed, the Legislature may override the Governor’s decision with a two-thirds vote in both houses. Bills that are passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor are assigned a chapter number and go into effect on the first day of the next year. Interested in more details on how a bill becomes a law? The Legislative Process diagram that illustrates how a bill becomes a law. The government of California is the governmental structure of the U.S. state of California as established by the California Constitution. California uses the separation of powers system to structure its government. It is composed of three branches: the executive, consisting of the Governor of California and the other constitutionally elected and appointed officers and offices; the legislative, consisting of the California State Legislature, which includes the Assembly and the Senate; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. There is also local government, consisting of counties, cities, special districts, and school districts, as well as government entities and offices that operate independently on a constitutional, statutory, or common law basis. The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall and ratification. Executive branch[edit]California's elected executive officers are:  All offices are elected separately to concurrent four-year terms, and each officer may be elected to an office a maximum of two times.[1][2] The Governor has the powers and responsibilities to: sign or veto laws passed by the Legislature, including a line item veto; appoint judges, subject to ratification by the electorate; propose a state budget; give the annual State of the State address; command the state militia; and grant pardons for any crime, except cases involving impeachment by the Legislature.[3] The Lieutenant Governor is the President of the California Senate and acts as the governor when the Governor is unable to execute the office, including whenever the Governor leaves the state.[4] The Governor and Lieutenant Governor also serve as ex officio members of the University of California Board of Regents and of the California State University Board of Trustees.[5] Regulatory activity is published in the California Regulatory Notice Register and the general and permanent rules and regulations are codified in the California Code of Regulations.[6] State agencies[edit]State government is organized into many departments, of which most have been grouped together into several huge Cabinet-level agencies since the administration of Governor Pat Brown. These agencies are sometimes informally referred to as superagencies, especially by government officials, to distinguish them from the general usage of the term "government agency".[7][8] When Brown took office, he was dismayed to discover that under California law, approximately 360 boards, commissions, and agencies all reported directly to the Governor, and proposed his "super-agency" plan (then spelled with a hyphen) in February 1961 to impose order on such chaos.[9] Brown appointed the secretaries of the first four superagencies (of eight then planned) in September 1961.[10] Today, the Cabinet-level agencies (superagencies) are the:[11]
The independently elected officers run separate departments not grouped within the superagencies, and there are other Cabinet-level departments:
Independent entities[edit]There are several state government entities and offices that are supposed to be independent of direct control by the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the state government, as well as any local government.[citation needed] Most (but not all) of the leaders of these entities are normally appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the state Senate. Despite their independence, the Governor can exert influence on them over time by waiting for incumbent leaders to reach the ends of their terms and appointing new ones who support the Governor's current agenda.[12] Examples include the:
Legislative branch[edit]The California State Legislature is the state legislature. It is a bicameral body consisting of the California State Assembly, the lower house with 80 members, and the California State Senate, the upper house with 40 members.[13] Members of the Assembly serve two-year terms; members of the Senate serve four-year terms, with half of the seats up for election on alternate (two year) election cycles.[13] The Speaker of the California State Assembly presides over the State Assembly. The Lieutenant Governor is the ex officio President of the Senate and may break a tied vote, and the President pro tempore of the California State Senate is elected by the majority party caucus. The Legislature meets in the California State Capitol in Sacramento. Its session laws are published in the California Statutes and codified into the 29 California Codes. Judicial branch[edit]The Judiciary of California interprets and applies the law, and is defined under the Constitution, law, and regulations. The judiciary has a hierarchical structure with the Supreme Court at the apex. The Superior Courts are the primary trial courts, and the Courts of Appeal are the primary appellate courts. The Judicial Council is the rule-making arm of the judiciary.[14][15] The California Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of California and six Associate Justices. The Court has original jurisdiction in a variety of cases, including habeas corpus proceedings, and has discretionary authority to review all the decisions of the California Courts of Appeal, as well as mandatory review responsibility for cases where the death penalty has been imposed. The Courts of Appeal are the intermediate appellate courts. The state is geographically divided into six appellate districts.[16][17] Notably, all published California appellate decisions are binding on all Superior Courts, regardless of appellate district.[18] The California superior courts are the courts of general jurisdiction that hear and decide any civil or criminal action which is not specially designated to be heard before some other court or governmental agency. As mandated by the Constitution, each of the 58 counties has a superior court.[19] The superior courts also have appellate divisions (superior court judges sitting as appellate judges) which hear appeals from decisions of other superior court judges (or commissioners, or judges pro tem) in cases previously heard by inferior courts, such as infractions, misdemeanors, and "limited civil" actions (actions where the amount in controversy is below $25,000). Direct democracy[edit]The state also allows direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, and recall. Watchdog evaluations[edit]In a 2015 review by the nonprofit The Center for Public Integrity of how effectively states promote transparency and procedures to reduce corruption, California received a C−, the second-highest grade in the country.[20] It ranked particularly low in public access to information and judicial transparency.[20] In 2005, Pew Research Center's Government Performance Project gave California a grade C−, tied for last with Alabama.[21] By 2008, when the last report was issued, California had a C, which placed it near the bottom of the states.[22] In discussing the results, the report noted that the personnel system is known to be dysfunctional, and that the Human Resources Modernization Project was underway to address the issue.[23] Local government[edit]California is divided into counties which are legal subdivisions of the state.[24] There are 58 counties, 482 California cities,[25] about 1,102 school districts,[26] and about 3,400 special districts.[27] Counties and incorporated cities may promulgate local ordinances, which are usually codified in county or city codes, respectively, and are misdemeanor crimes unless otherwise specified as infractions. [28] School districts, which are independent of cities and counties, handle public education.[26] Special Districts deliver specific public programs and public facilities to constituents, and are defined as "any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries".[29]
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How is California state government different from the federal government?How California's Government Differs from the Federal Government Each state has its own government that govern the people living in that particular state. The State's government makes ballot initiatives etc. to help the maintain a democracy in the state.
What are some of the differences between California and the federal constitution?As such, California and its Constitution are prohibited from violating fundamental rights provided by the United States Constitution. While the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land, the California Constitution sets forth the duties, powers, structure, and functions of the state government.
What makes California government different from other states?California is one of the few states in which voters have special powers such as the ability to recall officials and the ability to pass initiatives which are laws made directly by the voters instead of by the legislature.
What are the three branches of government both federal and in California?California Government's Three Co-Equal Branches
In California, as in the federal government, the power to govern is divided among three equal branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.
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What are the differences between California government and the federal level at the 3 branches
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