What is the appropriate term for the return or resumption of an extinguished response or an extinguished behavior?

1) Increase number/spacing of extinction trials:

-More extinction trials leads to a more profound decrease in conditioned responding. The longer the time is between each extinction trial (spaced trials of 600 seconds), the more enduring the extinction effect is. Extinction produced by trials spaced 600 seconds apart was much less subject to spontaneous recovery and renewal tan extinction produced by trials spaced 6 seconds apart.

2) Introduce extinction right after acquisition (before consolidation of acquisition:

-Memory consolidation takes time, so if you introduce extinction before the memory of acquisition has been fully consolidated, extinction is promoted. This sort of goes against previous point, because extinction immediately after acquisition leads to renewal and spontaneous recovery.

3) Reduce spontaneous recovery (by repeated extinction/rest cycles):

-Repeat the extinction/test cycle. Experiment was done where a noise CS was paired with food during acquisition phase. Rats came to poke nose in food cup when CS was presented.

-Then during extinction, 8 CS-alone trials were conducted during each daily session. During each daily extinction session (of 8 trials), responding was highest during first two trials then declined.

-Then when rats returned to experimental chamber for the next session (the next day), responding was higher than it had been at the end of the preceding session (previous day) and was highest during first two trials, indicating spontaneous recovery.

-But with repeated extinction/test trials every day, the degree of spontaneous recovery progressively declined each day.

-See graph

4) Reduce Renewal (conduct extinction in multiple contexts):

-Conducting extinction in several contexts may serve to increase the stimulus generalization of extinction.

Experiment:
Rats were first trained to press a response lever on a VI-60 second schedule with drop of sucrose as reinforcer. Response-lever was the behavior that would be measured for suppression.

Phase 1: Acquisition
-Then fear conditioning conducted in which an auditory CS paired with a shock, and this occurred 10 times in context A.

Phase 2: Extinction

-Rats were moved out of context A and received either 36 or 144 extinction trials. For some animals, only context B was used for all the trials, and for other groups of animals, contexts B, C, and D were used.

Phase 3: Renewal

-All the rats were then returned to the context A (acquisition) and tested for renewal of conditioned fear.

Results: Fear reappeared when the rats were returned to context A for all the groups except the one that received a large number of extinction trials (144) in three different contexts.

-Therefore, elimination of renewal effect requires extensive extinction training in multiple contexts.

5) Compound Extinction:

-Presenting two stimuli at the same time that are both undergoing extinction.

Experiment:

Phase 1: Acquisition
-Rats were reinforced on a VI-30 second schedule with food everytime they pressed a response lever during each of 3 different stimuli-a light (L) and noise (X) and tone (Y).

Phase 2: Element extinction
-The light, tone, and noise stimuli were each presented repeatedly by themselves with lever presses that were no longer reinforced.

Phase 3: Compound extinction
-Light was presented together with X while Y continued to be presented alone without reinforcement as a control.

Phase 4: test trials
-Occurred after a six-day rest period. Tested responding to Y and X, when each stimulus was presented individually.

results:
-By the end of the element extinction phase, responding was close to zero. However, presenting L in compound with X during the compound extinction phase resulted in a substantial elevation of responding. This represents summation of subthreshold responding that remained to the L and X stimuli despite their individual extinction trials.

-During the test trial, there was substantial recovery to responding of Y but not to X. This outcome shows that compound extinction trials enhance the extinction of stimulus X.

-This finding suggests that extinction of the individual stimuli operates by an error-correction process.

6) Prime acquisition memory with a single CS reminder prior to full extinction session:

-The period during which an activated memory can be modified is called the recondolidation window, and it generally lasts less than 6 hours. Therefore, memory fo acquisition can be altered by doing extinction within this window.

Experiment:
Phase 1: Acquisition
-Participants received fear conditioning in which a red square was paired with a mild shock to the wrist, and a green square was presented without shock.

Phase 2: Extinction
-When participants came back next day, some received a single exposure to the red square followed by a series of extinction trials conducted 10 minutes later (within the consolidation window), and others received the exposure to red square followed by extinction trials 6 hours later (outside the consolidation window).

-A third group received extinction trials without prior priming presentation of the CS.

Phase 3: Test
-On day 3, all participants returned to the lab for a test of spontaneous recovery of fear. Fear measured based on skin conductance.

Results:
-All three groups showed substantial fear responses during acquisition and little fear at the end of the extinction phase. When they were tested again the next day, there was substantial spontaneous recovery of fear in the nonprime control group and in the group that received extinction training outside the reconsolidation window (6 hours after priming CS presentation).

-However, there was no spontaneous recovery if extinction was conducted within the consolidation window.

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