Khomeini: supreme leader, religious authority, veto any law Show Rouhani: moderate, deferential to ruling clergy A regime that is democratic in appearance but authoritarian in nature. A civilian regime in which democratic institutions exist in form but not in substance, because the electoral, legislative, judicial, media, and other institutions are so heavily skewed in favor of current power holders. (see "the Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism") (example of HYBRID REGIME) They masquerade themselves in democratic concepts such as elections, branches of government, but in
reality, are m e a n. and also super duper corrupt examples: "Croatia under Franjo Tudjman, Serbia under Slobodan Miloševic, Russia under Vladimir Putin*, Ukraine under Leonid Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma, Peru under Alberto Fujimori, and post-1995 Haiti, as well as Albania, Armenia, Ghana, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, and Zambia through much of the 1990s." (Levitsky and Way)
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Terms in this set (171)All successful modern states are able to compel their citizens to obey and to regulate many areas of their lives. States vary on how far and under what circumstances they can compel individuals and groups to obey those in authority, how extensively they can intervene in people's lives, and how and whether some areas of individual and collective life should not be subject to the state's power. These differences are embodied in what political scientists call regimes A regime is a set of formal and informal political institutions that defines a type of government. Regimes are more enduring than governments but less enduring than states. Democratic regimes, for example, may persist through many individual governments regime A set of formal and informal political institutions that defines a type of government At the most basic level, a citizen is a member of a political community or state. Notice that a citizen is more than an inhabitant within a state's borders. An inhabitant may be a member of physical and cultural communities, but a citizen inhabits a political community that places her in a relationship with the state. citizen A member of a political community or state with certain rights and duties The very nature of the absolutist state meant that few mechanisms existed to protect subjects and enable them to claim any "rights." As the state was separated from the person of the monarch and its apparatus was modernized, states gained both the ability and the need to make their people more than just subjects. This was an important step in the development of the concept of modern citizenship: citizens, unlike subjects, were inhabitants of states that claimed that sovereignty resided with the people. Thus, after the French Revolution overthrew the absolutist ancien régime, people addressed one another as "citizen." In the mid-twentieth century, the philosopher T. H. Marshall (1963) usefully categorized the rights of citizenship into three areas: civil political and social Civil rights guarantee individual freedom and equal, just, and fair treatment by the state. Examples include the right to equal treatment under the law, habeas corpus, and freedom of expression and worship. Political rights are those associated with political participation: the right to vote, form political associations, run for office, or otherwise participate in political activity Social rights are those related to basic well-being and socioeconomic equality, such as public education, pensions, or national health care. Many scholars argue that truly equal citizenship requires that citizens treat each other as equals, giving each other full respect as members of the community A citizen, then, is a member of a political community with certain rights, perhaps some obligations to the larger community, and ideally a fully respected participant in that community. civil rights Those rights that guarantee individual freedom as well as equal, just, and fair treatment by the state political rights Those rights associated with active political participation—for example, to free association, voting, and running for office social rights Those rights related to basic well-being and socioeconomic equality civil society The sphere of organized, nongovernmental, nonviolent activity by groups larger than individual families or firms Today, ideas of citizenship and civil society are connected to regime claims to legitimacy via the concept of "popular sovereignty." In practice, regimes vary enormously in their relationships to both citizens' rights and civil society. Virtually no country fully provides all three types of rights described by Marshall. Liberal democracy origins Social contract theory. Legitimate governments form when free and independent individuals join in a contract to permit representatives to govern over them. liberal democracy key idea Individuals are free and autonomous, with natural rights Government must preserve the core liberties—life, liberty, and property—possessed by all free individual Liberal democracy characteristics Representative democracy. Citizens have direct control, and leaders can be removed. Separation of powers, federalism, and social citizenship supplement but are not essential to legitimate government. liberal democracy who has power legislature Communism origins Marxism. Ruling class oppresses other classes, based on mode of production. Historical materialism means that material (economic) forces are the prime movers of history and politics. communism key idea Proletariat will lead socialist revolution. Socialist society after revolution will be ruled as a dictatorship of the proletariat over other classes; will eventually create classless, communist society in which class oppression ends. communism characteristics Lenin believed that the vanguard party can lead socialist revolution in interests of present and future proletariat. Vanguard party rules socialist society using democratic centralism and is justified in oppressing classes that oppose it. communism who has power vanguard party now; proletariat later fascism origins Organic conception of society. Society is akin to a living organism rather than a set of disparate groups and individuals. fascism key idea Rejects materialism and rationality; relies instead on "spiritual attitude." The state creates the nation, a "higher personality"; intensely nationalistic. Corporatism. The state recognizes only one entity to lead each group in society (for example, an official trade union). fascism characteristics The state is at the head of the corporate body. It is all-embracing, and outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist. "Accepts the individual only in so far as his interests coincide with those of the State" (Benito Mussolini, 1933). fascism who has power a supreme leader modernizing authoritarianism origins End of colonialism and desire to develop; technocratic legitimacy. modernizing authoritarianism key idea Modernization theory. Postcolonial societies must go through the same process to develop as the West did. Development requires national unity; democracy would interfere with unity. Modernizing Authoritarianism characteristics Four institutional forms: one-party regimes, military regimes, bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes, and personalist regimes. Neopatrimonial authority is common. modernizing authoritarianism who has power A modern elite—a relatively few, highly educated people—who are capable of modernizing or "developing" the country; the claim to rule based on special knowledge is technocratic legitimacy. personalist regime origins One-party regime or military coup. personalist regime key idea Claims to modernizing authoritarianism but really based on neopatrimonial authority. personalist regime characteristics Extremely weak institutions, instability and unpredictability personalist who has power individual ruler electoral authoritarianism origins Primarily failed transitions to democracy electoral authoritarianism key idea Legitimacy is based on a combination of liberal democratic and modernizing authoritarian ideologies. electoral authoritarianism characteristics Allows limited freedoms of expression and association. Informal institutions are often more important than formal institutions. Contradictions exist between democratic and authoritarian elements. electoral authoritarianism who has power Ruling party. theocracy origins ancient religious beliefs theocracy key idea Rule is by divine inspiration or divine right. theocracy islamist characteristics Islamism. Islamic law, as revealed by God to the Prophet Mohammed, can and should provide the basis for government in Muslim communities. Ijtihad. The belief that Muslims should read and interpret the original Islamic texts for themselves, not simply follow traditional religious leaders and beliefs. Sharia. Muslim law should be the law of society for all Muslims. theocracy who has power God is sovereign, not the people The classical liberal doctrine on the preservation of rights justifies limited government to enhance individual freedoms, but it says nothing about how a government will come to power or make decisions Liberal democracy A system of government that provides eight key guarantees, including freedoms to enable citizen participation in the political process and institutions that make government policies depend on votes and other forms of citizen preferences Perhaps the best known alternative is social democracy. Advocates of social democracy argue that citizens should control not only the political sphere, as liberals believe, but also key elements of the economic sphere. They favor public ownership or at least extensive regulation of key sectors of the economy to enhance equal citizenship and the well-being of all. They believe in maintaining a market economy, but one that is regulated in the interests of the greater good of the citizens as a whole. social democracy Combines liberal democracy with much greater provision of social rights of citizenship and typically greater public control of the economy Social democratic parties emerged in the late nineteenth century to demand that all citizens gain Marshall's third category of rights, social citizenship: decent living standards so that they could be respected in their communities and fully participate in citizenship as moral equals. Proponents of participatory democracy argue that real democracy must include far more than the minimal list of institutional guarantees. Real democracy requires direct citizen participation in the decisions that affect their lives. Therefore, advocates of participatory democracy support the decentralization of decision making to local communities to the greatest extent possible, with the goal of direct citizen involvement. participatory democracy A form of democracy that encourages citizens to participate actively, in many ways beyond voting; usually focused at the local level Case study UK: cradle of democracy ... Citizenship rights have expanded to include all adult citizens despite the absence of a single, written constitution. Parliamentary sovereignty gives Britain an unusually centralized form of democracy (which we explore in detail in chapter 5) but one that has preserved and expanded basic liberal rights for a very long time. UK regime first liberal democratic regime UK citizen and state Gradual but contentious expansion of citizens' rights in nineteenth and early twentieth centuries UK claim to legitimacy Parliamentary sovereignty UK recent trends Constitutional reforms in the new millennium, devolution, and Supreme Court Magna Carta, signed by King John in 1215 under pressure from feudal lords It included the first right to trial by peers, guaranteed the freedom of the (Catholic) church from monarchical intervention, created an assembly of twenty-five barons (chosen by all the barons of England) that became the first parliament, and guaranteed nobles the right to be called together to discuss any significant new taxes No equivalent of the American or French Revolution occurred to cause a single, definitive break from monarchy. The development of the liberal democratic regime in Britain was much more gradual. No unified, written British constitution exists, though many of the elements of a constitution—the fundamental rules of how the regime works
are written down in various laws passed by Parliament. In the absence of a single constitution, British democracy is based on the concept of parliamentary sovereignty, which holds that Parliament is supreme in all matters. Members can write any law they choose via majority vote. Rights are preserved only by a collective consensus that Parliament should not reverse them. This is a great example of a powerful but informal political institution, a set of implicit rules and norms that are not violated even though in theory they could be parliamentary sovereignty Parliament is supreme in all matters; key example is the United Kingdom In 1997 the British Parliament allowed devolution of some powers (such as over education and social services) to newly created Scottish and Welsh parliaments, which had ceased to exist with the formation of the United Kingdom. the first and most influential ideological alternative to liberal democracy was communism historical materialism The assumption that material forces are the prime movers of history and politics; a key philosophical tenet of Marxism Liberal democracy, according to Marx, is the political and ideological shell that allows capitalism to work and that serves the interests of the bourgeoisie, capitalism's ruling class. communism mode of production In Marxist theory, the economic system in any given historical era; feudalism and capitalism in the last millennium in Europe Marx was clear workers as a class would rule over all other classes in what he called the dictatorship of the proletariat. This was class dictatorship, not a one-man dictator, and it would control and ultimately eliminate all other classes. dictatorship of the proletariat In the first stage of communism in Marxist thought, characterized by absolute rule by workers as a class over all other classes Postmodern theorists have argued further that Marxism or any theory claiming certainty about the "laws" of human history or promising an unreachable utopia inevitably will result in a totalitarian state that attempts to control every aspect of society in the name of its vision. totalitarian state A state that controls virtually all aspects of society and eliminates all vestiges of civil society; Germany under Hitler and the Soviet Union under Stalin are key examples Case Study Russia: THE FIRST SELF-PROCLAIMED COMMUNIST REGIME ... Russia regime Communist; totalitarian under Stalin; finally, bureaucratic socialism with battles for resources behind the scenes Russia citizen and state Citizenship only for those who accepted the party's rule russia claim to legitimacy Vanguard party ruling on behalf of proletariat russia key institutions Decision making in soviets, with final authority in politburo russia context revolution in the wrong country vanguard party Vladimir Lenin's concept of a small party that claims legitimacy to rule based on its understanding of Marxist theory and its ability to represent the interests of the proletariat before they are a majority of the populace The party thus became the sole representative of the people The regime consisted of a set of soviets, or legislative bodies, officially the decision-making body at each level from local to national. In reality, each soviet was tightly controlled by the Communist Party, the only legal party, to which any politically active person had to belong politburo The chief decision-making organ in a communist party; China's politburo is a key example
After a five-year succession struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power and radically reversed Lenin's economic policies. Stalin launched a plan to institute state control of the economy, taking ownership of virtually all land and extracting huge surpluses from agriculture to build industry. In December 1991, it officially ceased to exist, and fifteen separate states, including Russia, emerged once the dust had settled. This began the difficult process of regime change in Russia Fascism was the other major European alternative to liberal democracy in the early to mid-twentieth century. It was self-consciously both antiliberal and anticommunist. Fascist belief in society as an organic whole leads to the argument that society should not have competing organizations that could potentially work against one another. Fascists reject the liberal notion of civil society as a sphere of voluntary organizations independent of the state. corporatism System of representation in which one organization represents each important sector of society; two subtypes are societal and state corporatism Fascists also reject Marxists' emphasis on materialism and economic life. Instead, Mussolini calls fascism "a spiritual attitude," describing a fascist life as "serious, austere, religious." Fascists share the modern conception of citizenship in the sense of a direct relationship between citizens and a state. Like communists, however, they define citizens not as everyone legally in the state's territory but much more narrowly CASE STUDY GERMANY: RISE OF THE NAZI PARTY AND A TOTALITARIAN STATE ... germany regime Nazism merged fascism and racism; totalitarian but with internal factions germany citizen and state Citizenship based on race/nationality and support for Nazi regime germany claim to legitimacy National/racial grandeur and state as head of organic society germany recent trends Nazism delegitimizes fascism, but "neofascists" still exist Fascists generally glorify the nation, but they do not explicitly proclaim one nation as inherently superior to all others. They also do not define the nation as being of one racial or cultural group. Pluralists, however, argue that even this totalitarian state had factions within it. Some members of the National Socialist Party took the socialist part seriously, favoring government control of the economy to build a stronger nation. Hitler, however, sided with business in the interest of rapid economic growth The best-known example of neofascism is France's National Front, led originally by Jean-Marie Le Pen. Le Pen argued that the greatest danger facing France is the immigration of Muslims, mainly from North Africa. He claimed that Muslim immigration is destroying the French nation, and he called for policies that would reward white French women for having more babies and would severely restrict or even eliminate immigration. neo fascist Description given to parties or political movements that espouse a virulent nationalism, often defined on a cultural, racial, or religious basis and opposed to immigrants as threats to national identity Many regimes that arose after the end of colonial rule based their legitimacy on modernizing authoritarianism: their common claim to legitimacy was that they would modernize or "develop" their countries, and doing so required restricting or eliminating individual rights and elections. modernizing authoritarianism A claim to legitimacy based on the need to "develop" the country via the rule of a modernizing elite This assumption is an appeal to technocratic legitimacy, a claim to rule based on knowledge that was part of modernization theory. This theory of development argued that in order to develop, postcolonial societies needed to go through the same process of modernization that the West had undergone. Modernization theorists argued that the modern elite—a "new type of enterprising men" in the words of Walt Rostow (1960), a pioneer of the theory and a founder of the American foreign aid program—would lead the development process. Modernization theorists assumed that democracy would arise along with economic development. technocratic legitimacy A claim to rule based on knowledge or expertise modernization theory Theory of development that argues that postcolonial societies Tanzania one regime party ... In addition to his idea of "African democracy," Nyerere envisioned creating an "African socialism," dubbed ujamaa in Swahili. He argued that this would return the country to its precolonial origins but with distinctly modern additions. The centerpiece of the effort was the creation of ujamaa villages in which Tanzanians would live and work communally. The second common assumption of modernizing authoritarian regimes is that they can produce the benefits of "development." The word development means many things to many people (see chapter 11), but in political discourse throughout the postcolonial world since the 1950s, for most people it means creating a wealthy society like those in the West. Development also required national unity, the third assumption underpinning these regimes. Postcolonial elites argued that achieving the Herculean task of "catching up" to the West necessitated unusual measures. Modernizing authoritarianism has taken different institutional forms. The most common civilian form is the one-party regime, once common in Africa and Asia. In many of these countries, a single party gained power after independence and systematically eliminated all effective opposition in the name of development and national unity. Military regimes frequently took power in postcolonial states via coups d'état; they often justified elimination of the previous government in terms of modernizing authoritarianism. Often citing prolonged economic stagnation or growing social unrest as their impetus, military leaders argued that they would "clean up the mess" of the prior government and get the country at least started down the road to development before returning it to civilian and democratic rule. one party regime A system of government in which a single party gains power, usually after independence in postcolonial states, and systematically eliminates all opposition military regime system of government in which military officers control power CASE STUDY BRAZIL: A MODERNIZING AUTHORITARIAN REGIME IN MILITARY FORM, 1964-1985 ... brazil regime modernizing authoritarian and military brazil citizen and state Repressive, but not as severe as many in Latin America at the time Brazil claim to legitimacy modernization and anticommunism Brazil key institutions Military presidency; limited civilian opposition in legislature brazil context State-led industrialization produces "Brazilian Miracle" The regime explicitly claimed legitimacy on the basis of technocratic expertise and anticommunism and brought many talented economists into the government to develop the new economic plan. The Brazilian military government certainly repressed its opponents as necessary to implement its economic model, though it was less repressive than were many Latin American military governments. It allowed elections for a national congress but restricted competition to only two legal parties: the opposition party was limited in what it was allowed to say, the congress itself had little real power, and the military resorted to electoral tampering to maintain government party control. Ultimate decision making remained firmly in the hands of top military leaders. Modernizing authoritarianism stakes its claim to legitimacy on economic development; once that collapsed in Brazil, the regime was severely weakened. Modernizing authoritarian regimes arose primarily in postcolonial states, many of which are relatively weak states with weak formal institutions. Informal institutions are therefore often quite important to understanding how these regimes function. In the very weakest states, personalist regimes often arose In these regimes, few if any institutions constrained the individual leader's power. Power can thus be quite personalized, and the rule of law is inconsistent at best. They rarely achieve any real development. Actual practice and informal rule typically trump ideology and formal institutions. personalist regime System of government in which a central leader comes to dominate a state, typically not only eliminating all opposition but also weakening the state's institutions to centralize power in his own hands Comparativists studying Africa have suggested that many personalist regimes are imbued with neopatrimonial authority. CASE STUDY NIGERIA: A PERSONALIST REGIME IN UNIFORM, 1993-1998 ... Nigeria Regime Personalist and military Nigeria citizen and state Repression and use of neopatrimonial authority via massive corruption Nigeria claim to legiticmacy restoring democracy Nigeria key institutions Elimination of virtually all institutional constraints on personal power Nigeria context Prevented return to democracy until personalist ruler's sudden death The last of Nigeria's six military coups d'état took place in November 1993. The country had been in turmoil since June, when the then military leader annulled the results of what most observers saw as a free and fair election A related but distinct regime type, however, has become more common: electoral authoritarian regims These regimes "allow little real competition for power . . . [but] leave enough political space for political parties and organizations of civil society to form, for an independent press to function to some extent, and for some political debate to take place" electoral authoritarian regime Type of hybrid regime in which formal opposition and some open political debate exist and elections are held; these processes are so flawed, however, that the regime cannot be considered truly democratic Mexico Case Study: Elector Authoritarianism under the PRI ... Mexico regime electoral authoritarian Mexico citizen and state Corporatism, clientelism, electoral fraud, and repression if necessary Mexico key institutions Presidential power nearly unlimited for six years; regular elections and orderly succession Mexico recent trends Transition to democracy, 1988-2000 The regime used clientelism, which at its most basic level took the form of vote buying, to maintain rural support. Between the end of the revolution and the start of World War II, the state engaged in large-scale land reform. By the 1970s, clientelism was exercised through massive government spending on agricultural development projects. This helped guarantee a loyal rural constituency that remained the PRI's electoral backbone throughout the twentieth century. To maintain the veneer of democratic legitimacy, electoral authoritarian regimes such as Mexico's prefer to control electoral outcomes via clientelism and behind-the-scenes fraud The first free election took place in 1994, though voters opted for continuity and bureaucratic experience and gave the election to Ernesto Zedillo of the PRI. Although the PRI kept the presidency, the days of one-party rule were numbered. A new, democratic, three-party system emerged, and the PRI would have to compete alongside the others In 2000 the election of the PAN's Vicente Fox finally broke the PRI's seventy-one-year monopoly on the presidency, ushering in a new era in Mexican politics. Unhappiness with the state of the economy, though, led Mexican voters in 2012 to put the PRI back in power, a period marred somewhat by concerns about state violence and restrictions on press and other freedoms. In 2018 power was again fairly and peacefully transferred, this time to Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador supported by a coalition of parties. Theocracy is rule by religious authorities. They rule on behalf of God and following His dictates. It's very unlikely that you would have found theocracy included in a textbook on comparative politics forty years ago theocracy rule by religious authorities The political ideology that has inspired such fear in much of the West and such admiration in some of the Muslim world is typically known as "Islamic fundamentalism," a name that implies a set of ideas that is often quite different from what its adherents actually believe. traditional Muslim religious authorities compromised with modernity and the increasing secularization of the state by withdrawing from politics nearly completely and quietly accepting secular, modernizing authoritarian regimes. Indeed, many Islamists argue that the rise of a new, politicized Islamic movement over the past century, far from being "traditional," is in large part a reaction to twentieth-century Western imperialism (Abu-Rabi 2010). Bassam Tibi (2012) says it involves "the invention of tradition" rather than the re-creation of an actual tradition. Most scholars therefore prefer the term Islamism to Islamic fundamentalism. While it has many variations, Islamism is generally defined as a belief that Islamic law, as revealed by Allah to the Prophet Mohammed, can and should provide the basis for government in Muslim communities, with little equivocation or compromise with other beliefs or laws. They base their ideology on their interpretation of the Quran and Sunnah, the two holiest books of Islam, and take as their primary model the seventh-century Muslim society and state created by Mohammed and his immediate followers. islamism The belief that Islamic law, as revealed by God to the Prophet Mohammed, can and should provide the basis for government in Muslim communities, with little equivocation or compromise sharia muslim law Case study: Iran, theocracy ... Iran regime Theocracy, but tension between theocratic and democratic elements Case study citizen and state Islamist faithful only; democratic space and participation vary over time Iran claim to legitimacy Sovereignty of Allah under Shiite Islam Iran key institutions Supreme leader; secular president and limited parliament Iran recent trends Growing repression, but reformist electoral victories in 2013 and 2016 Islam in Iran is unusual in that the vast majority of the country's population and major religious authorities are Shiites, not Sunnis. Iran and Iraq are two of only four Muslim countries with Shiite majorities; Iran is nearly all Shiite. The Islamic Republic in Iran nonetheless exemplifies the ideology and contradictions of Islamist theocracy more broadly. The regime is clearly theocratic, since supreme religious authorities can ultimately make or unmake any governmental decision. Some democratic elements have been allowed, however. Regular elections for president and parliament have been held on schedule since the regime's beginning Nonetheless, the Guardian Council can disapprove any candidate for office who is deemed not adequately committed to the goals of the Islamic revolution, which has meant the degree of openness of the elections has varied greatly. 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What shortcoming of political personality research does this highlight? 4 answers QUESTION What are the different types of regionalism? 15 answers QUESTION Unions are relatively decentralized in France, with different confederations covering fewer than 10% of workers, but almost all workers are covered by collective bargaining agreements. 3 answers QUESTION According to analysts who dispute the validity of the dependency approach, the economic success of some developing Asian countries suggests that 3 answers What is an electoral authoritarian regime?Electoral authoritarianism means that democratic institutions are imitative and, due to numerous systematic violations of liberal democratic norms, in fact adhere to authoritarian methods. Electoral authoritarianism can be competitive and hegemonic, and the latter does not necessarily mean election irregularities.
What is an authoritarian regime quizlet?Authoritarian Regime. - invest political authority into a small group of individuals who exercise the authority without any constitutional responsibility to the public. - no constitutional mechanism to replace current government.
What are the different authoritarian regimes?According to Barbara Geddes, there are seven typologies of authoritarian regimes: dominant party regimes, military regime, personalist regimes, monarchies, oligarchic regimes, indirect military regimes, or hybrids of the first three.
Why do authoritarian regimes hold elections quizlet?- Authoritarian regimes hold elections and masquerade their government in democratic concepts in order prove their democratic LEGITIMACY to other democratic states. this is a very important aspect of democracy.
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What is the difference between an authoritarian regime and an electoral authoritarian regime quizlet?
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