Overview: Just like individual markets have supply and demand, there is also supply and demand for an entire country. This concept explains the similarities and differences. Show
LearnBeginnerIn Concepts 16-20, we presented basic supply and demand. In those examples, we were only concerned with supply and demand for a single good or service, like coffee or corn. Macroeconomics focuses on the entire economy and, therefore, all of the markets functioning in that economy. Aggregate Supply is the total quantity of all goods and services produced in an economy at all possible price levels at a given time. Aggregate Demand is the total quantity of all goods and services consumed in an economy at all possible price levels at a given time. The words total and price levels are important here.
 You can see on Graph 28-1 what appears to be a supply and demand graph. Upon closer inspection, however, you will see that the Y-axis is labeled “price level” instead of price. This is because we are representing all of the prices for all of the goods and services bought and sold in this economy, using a price index (like the CPI, described in Concept 26). You’ll notice the X-axis is labeled “Real GDP” instead of quantity because we are representing the total amount of goods and services produced and consumed by the entire economy, not the quantity of one good. (See Concept 25 for more about GDP.) The point where the aggregate supply line crosses the aggregate demand line is the short run equilibrium output and price level for the economy. IntermediateMuch like regular supply, aggregate supply can shift left or right based on a few determinants. Since aggregate supply represents the entire economy, changes to overall wages, land prices, capital investments, education level or other nation-wide supply-chain factors can shift an entire nation’s production capacity. You can see the results of these shifts in Graph 28-2.
Aggregate demand is comprised of the demand from all the sectors in the economy. Therefore, changes in consumption habits by consumers, businesses, governments, or other countries who buy our exports can shift aggregate demand left or right. You may recognize these four components as the same four that are used to determine the GDP for a country, as seen in Concept 25 You can see the results of changes in aggregate demand in Graph 28-3.
AdvancedAggregate supply has a unique feature in the long run. Since all economies have limited resources, there is some maximum quantity of goods and services that can be produced at any given time. Graphically, this is shown by a vertical line called the long run aggregate supply (LRAS) line.
If the economy is operating at the point where the aggregate demand line crosses this LRAS line (point A in Graph 28-4) the economy is producing at its full employment capacity (and is also on its production possibilities curve). At any point to the left of this line, the economy has unemployed resources (it is operating below its PPC) and the economy would be experiencing a “recessionary gap”, as seen in Graph 28-5.
At any point to the right, the economy would be experiencing an “inflationary gap” as there would be pressure on resources to over produce. This would be represented temporarily as an unsustainable point outside the PPC, as seen in Graph 28-6.
Click a reading level below or scroll down to practice this concept.PracticeAssessBelow are five questions about this concept. Choose the one best answer for each question and be sure to read the feedback given. Click “next question” to move on when ready. Social StudiesDefine unemployment rate, Consumer Price Index (CPI), inflation, real GDP, aggregate supply and aggregate demand and explain how each is used to evaluate the macroeconomic goals from SSEMA1a. Econ Express ConceptsMacroeconomicsAs its name implies, macroeconomics is all about the big picture of the nationwide economy. Key concepts include measuring and monitoring the economy as well as learning how policymakers affect the economy through political and economic decisions. You may also enjoy ...
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Connect with GPB EducationWhat is the difference between aggregate demand and aggregate supply?Aggregate supply is an economy's gross domestic product (GDP), the total amount a nation produces and sells. Aggregate demand is the total amount spent on domestic goods and services in an economy.
What is the difference between demand curve and supply curve?The demand curve shows the quantities of a particular good or service that buyers will be willing and able to purchase at each price during a specified period. The supply curve shows the quantities that sellers will offer for sale at each price during that same period.
What is the relationship between the aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve?The aggregate demand/aggregate supply model is a model that shows what determines total supply or total demand for the economy and how total demand and total supply interact at the macroeconomic level. Aggregate supply is the total quantity of output firms will produce and sell—in other words, the real GDP.
What is the difference between demand and aggregate?The primary difference between aggregate demand and demand is that the former explains the total demand for goods and services produced by an economy. Demand describes the market for a specific product. Aggregate demand is a function of the individual market for every product in a marketplace.
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What is the difference between the aggregate demand curve and the aggregate supply curve?
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