2 Show In this case, the effective body dose is 0.10 mSv. As the radiation monitor is wearing a protective apron, it will cover the abdominal region, exposing only the thyroid tissue to the radiation. So the effective dose will be Di × Wt of the thyroid tissue; e.g., 2000 × 0.05 = 100 µSV, which can also be written as 0.10 mSv. The effective dose is not 0.02 mSv, 0.24 mSv, or 0.40 mSv. 1, 2, and 3 Effective Communication between the radiographer and the patient depends on which of the following? 1) Ensuring body language reinforces verbal discourse so that messages are understood as intended b. Greater than 15 cGy According to the National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements, the chance of malformations from fetal radiation exposure is significantly increased above control levels only at doses: a. Greater than 25 cGy b. A shadow shield is not suitable for use During a fluoroscopic examination, because no localizating light field exists and the field of view is usually moved about: a. A flat contact shield is not suitable for use a. Use of the lowest kVp with the highest possible mAs for each examination Which of the following results in an increase in the patient dose? a. Use of the lowest kVp with the highest possible mAs for each examination c. Lead strips or lead-impregnated materials 1 mm thick Flat contact shields are made of: a. Aluminum strips or aluminum-impregnated materials 1 mm thick a. about the same Using appropriate technical exposure factors and an 8:1 ratio grid, an optimal quality cross-table lateral projection of the cervical spine was obtained, using an air gap technique and technical exposure factors that are comparable to those used with the 8:1 ratio grid, the patient dose will be: a. about the same d. A repeat radiograph is necessary, as a consequence of human or mechanical error The skin and gonads of the patient receive a "double dose" of x-radiation whenever: a. Specific area shielding is used 1, 2, and 3 When an effective repeat analysis program is implemented and maintained in an imaging department, improving the overall importance of that department includes: 1. Increased awareness among staff and student radiographers of the need to produce optimal quality images from the start d. Would rarely be cause, by itself, for terminating a pregnancy Exposure of the fetus to radiation arising from diagnostic procedures: a. Is not of concern because radiation from diagnostic procedures cannot cause any harm to an unborn fetus 1 and 2 only When an individual of childbearing age undergoes a diagnostic x-ray procedure, gonadal shielding should be used to protect the reproductive organs from exposure to the useful beam: 1. When these organs are in or within approximately 5 cm of properly collimated x-ray beam d. Thermoluminescent dosimeters Which of the following are most often used to assess skin doses? a. Compensating
filters 1, 2, 3, and 4 Areas of the body that should be shielded from the useful beam whenever possible are the: 1. Lens of the eye 1, 2, 3, and 4 Some clinical manifestations that can cause involuntary motion during a radiographic procedure include: 1. Chills a. 0.3 mGy(t) If in the course of performing a specific radiographic procedure 75% of the active bone marrow were in the useful beam and received an average absorbed dose of 0.4 mGy(t), the mean marrow dose would be which of the following? a. 0.3 mGy(t) 2 and 3 only Exposure of patients to medical x-ray examinations is commanding increasing attention in our society because: 1. An increasing risk of early tissue reactions from diagnostic x-ray has caused alarm in the general public b. The radiographer must listen attentively to these questions and answer them truthfully in an appropriate tone of voice and in accordance with ethical guidelines Before the start of a diagnostic radiographic procedure, the radiographer should thoroughly explain the procedure to the patient in simple terms that the patient can understand. If a patient has questions, how should the radiographer respond? a. The radiographer must listen attentively to these questions and then find a way to avoid answering the patient's questions to save time 1, 2, and 3 To ensure a diagnostic image with minimal patient dose, the selection of scientifically correct technical exposure factors chosen for each examination, whether digital or non-digital, must ensure: 1. A high quality image that has sufficient brightness or density to display anatomic structures a. Must be informed before the procedure begins, but the radiographer should not be overemphasize this aspect of the examination If a radiographic procedure will cause pain, discomfort, or any strange sensations, the patient: a. Must be informed before the procedure begins, but
the radiographer should not be overemphasize this aspect of the examination c. Underneath the patient because the x-ray tube is located beneath the radiographic table If a flat contact shield is used during a typical fluoroscopic examination, to protect the patient, it must be placed: a. To the side of the patient away from the fluororoscopist to absorb scattered radiation 1, 2, and 3 When automatic exposure control (AEC) is not used, neglecting to use standardized technique charts necessitates estimating the technical exposure factors, which may result in: 1. Poor-quality images b. skin dose Entrance skin exposure may be converted to patient _______________ by using well-documented multiplicative factors a. Gonadal dose a. Artifacts Unwanted densities in the image that are not part of the patient's anatomy and may negatively affect the ability of a radiologist to interpret the image correctly are called: a. Artifacts c. Radiopaque material Shadow shields are made of: a. Aluminum c. Radiologic physicist If a pregnant patient is inadvertently irradiated, which of the following medical professionals should determine fetal dose? a. Attending physician 1, 2, and 3 Which of the following radiographic procedures are considered unnecessary? 1. Chest x-ray examination as part of a preemployment physical reduction; protective; minimize Radiographers must limit the patient's exposure to ionizing radiation by employing appropriate radiation _______________ techniques and by using ______________ devices that ______________ radiation exposure Holistic; effective ________________ patient care must begin with ________________ communication between the radiographer and the patient cooperate When patients understand the procedure and their responsibilities, they can more fully ______________ poor Repeat radiographic exposures sometimes can be attributed to _____________ communication between the radiogher and the patient reproductive If gonadal shields are not placed correctly, the ______________ organs will not be protected female; male As a consequence of their anatomic location, the _______________ reproductive organs receive about three times more exposure during a given radiographic procedure involving the pelvic region than do the _____________ male reproductive organs reduces Specific area shielding for selective body areas other than the gonads significantly _______________ radiation exposure to those areas and should be used whenever possible symphysis pubis When the male patient in the supine position, the ______________ ______________ can be used to guide shield placement over the testes remote; over Some fluoroscopic tubes are located above the patient and are referred to as ____________ rooms because personnel set up the patient for the examination and then leave the room before activating the x-ray tube. In these rooms the shield should be placed ______________ the patient
beam-defining The ________________ light must be accurately positioned to ensure correct placement of the shadow shield milliampere-seconds When estimating approximate equivalent dose to the embryo-fetus, radiation output can be specified in milligray in air per ______________ compromised Patients with the potential to reproduce should be gonadally protected during x-ray procedures whenever the diagnostic value of the examination is not _______________ protocol Standardizing exposure techniques does not mean that radiographers use the same ______________ for all patients in all situations clinical interest
Adequate collimation of the radiographic beam to include only the anatomy of _______________ _____________ is essential 0.20 According to the U.S. Public Health Service, the estimated GSD for the population of the United States is about ______________ mSv smaller In general, ________________ doses of ionizing radiation are sufficient to obtain useful images in pediatric imaging procedures than are necessary for adult imaging procedures primary Suspended from above the radiographic beam-defining system, shadow shields hang over the area of clinical interest to cast a shadow in the ______________ beam over the patient's reproductive organs minimal Selection of appropriate technical exposure factors for each x-ray examination e essential to ensure a diagnostic image with _____________ patient dose 50 For female patients a flat contain shield containing 1 mm of lead placed over the reproductive organs reduces exposure by about _____________ % additional Occasionally it is permissible t obtain an ______________ image, when recommended by the radiologist for the purpose of obtaining additional diagnostic information less In simple terms the GSD concept suggests that the genetic consequences of substantial absorbed doses of gonadal radiation become significantly ______________ when averaged over an entire population rather than applied to just a few of its members mean marrow Bone marrow dose may also be referred to as the ________________ _______________ dose leukemia In humans, radiation dose to bone marrow is of great importance because it may induce _____________ benefits; risks No diagnostic procedure using ionizing radiation should be conducted unless its ______________ outweigh its pregnancy; menstrual period Whenever a female patient of childbearing age is to undergo an x-ray examination, it is essential the radiographer carefully question the patient about the possibility of ______________. Part of this questioning involves asking the patient for the date of her last _____________ _____________ Take and follow the pledge What can radiographers and imaging facilities do to Image Gently? No postponed or selectively scheduled What is the current position of the American COllege of Radiology (ACR) regarding abdominal radiologic examinations that been requested by a physician after full consideration of the clinical status of a patient, including the possibility of pregnancy? double dose Whenerb a repeat radiograph must be taken as a consequence of human or mechanical error, the skin and gonads of the patient receive a _____________ ______________ of x-radiation Patient with potential to reproduce What patients should have gonadal protection during x-ray procedures whenever the diagnostic value of the examination is not compromised? Equivalent dose to reproductive organs that is expected to bring about an identical gross genetic injury to the total population Define the term genetically significant dose 2.5 cm (1 inch) medial to each palpable superior iliac spine To safeguard the ovaries of a female patient, where on the anatomy should an ovarian shield be placed? Unacceptable and unethical practice How is the practice of fluoroscopically guided positioning viewed by the American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)? 1, 2, and 3 Which of the following substantially reduce patient exposure? 1.
Use of proper body or part immobilization 1, 2, and 3 Which of the following x-ray procedures are considered unnecessary? 1. Chest x-ray examination as part of a preemployment physical collimated Gonadal shielding should be a secondary protective measure, no a substitute for an adequately _______________ beam posterior; anterior Shielding of particularly sensitive breast tissue during a scoliosis examination may be accomplished using a clear lead shadow shield. The radiation dose to the breast of a young patient may be further reduced by performing the scoliosis examination with the x-ray beam entering the ______________ surface of the patient's body instead of the _____________ surface Referring physician Who is responsible for ordering a diagnostic x-ray procedure? 50 Correctly placed, appropriate gonadal shielding can greatly reduce the exposure received by patients of both genders (___________% for female patients, 90% to 95% for male patients) 0.20 mSv According to the U.S. Public Health Service, what is the estimated GSD for the population of the United States? d. Thermoluminescent dosimeter Which of the following is a type of sensing device that is most often used to measure skin dose directly? a. Personnel digital ionization dosimeter Calculated estimate of approximate equivalent dose to embryo-fetus as result of exam If irradiation of an unknown pregnancy occurs, what should be obtained? 3 Because of their anatomic location, the female reproductive organs receive about _____________ times more exposure during a radiographic procedure involving the pelvic region than do the male reproductive organs Pubis symphysis When a male patient is in the supine position, what external anatomic landmark can a radiographer use for placement of a testicular shield? b. Minimal patient dose Selection of appropriate technical exposure factors each x-ray examination is essential to ensure a diagnostic image with: a. Maximal patient dose Collimate only to anatomy of interest What must always be the first step for the radiographer to provide gonadal protection for patients? b. Three times more As a consequence of their anatomic location, the female reproductive organs receive about ________________ exposure during a given radiographic procedure involving the pelvic region than do the male reproductive organs a. Three times less c. By measuring the radiation exposure rate at tabletop and multiplying this by the fluoroscopy time In fluoroscopy, how is the amount of radiation that patient receives usually estimated> a. By having the patient wear an optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter during the procedure a. Image Gently As part of the Image Gently Campaign, radiographers and imaging facilities can pledge to: a. Image Gently c. PA In which of the following projections will a young female receive a significantly lower dose to her breast tissue during a chest x-ray study? a. AP 1, 2, and 3 A woman who is 3 months pregnant has been in a motor vehicle accident. The emergency room physician suspects there is injury to her cervical spine and thus feels justified in ordering an x-ray examination to aid in determining the extent of the patient's injury. Because the patient is pregnant, the radiographer should: 1. Select the smallest technical exposure factors that will produce a diagnostically useful image a. The late effects of radiation Pediatric patients require special consideration and appropriate radiation protection procedures because they are much ore vulnerable to which of the following? a. The late effects of radiation b. Lower entrance exposure dose to the anterior body surface, thereby significantly reducing the dose to the breast The use of the PA projection during a juvenile scoliosis radiographic examination results in which of the following? a. Higher entrance exposure dose to the anterior body surface, thereby significantly increasing the dose ti the breast b. 2.5 cm (1 inch) medial to each palpable anterior superior iliac spine For protection of the ovaries of a female patient, the shield should be placed approximately: a. 5.0 cm (2
inches) medial to each palpable anterior superior iliac spine 1 and 3 only WHich of the following examinations are considered unnecessary radiologic procedures? 1. Chest x-ray
study as part of a preemployment physical d. Identical to If a maximum of 500 people inhabited an island and each person were to receive an equivalent dose (EqD) of 0.005 Sv gonadal radiation, the gross genetic effect would be _______________ the effect occurring if 50 individual inhabitants were each to receive 0.05 Sv of gonadal radiation and no equivalent dose were received by other inhabitants a. Greatly different from What are the safety precautions to be taken in radiography?Dose monitoring devices should be worn at all times. Use proper shielding (lead apron, lead glass, thyroid shield and goggles. Move away from the source if your presence is not necessary. Anybody not needed during a procedure should stay outside the interventional radiography.
Is it safe to work in radiology while pregnant?Can a pregnant technologist continue to perform her x-ray duties? The answer is a qualified “yes.” This assumes that: The facility is well leaded and has been inspected for safety. The operator's booth is fully leaded, and has been inspected to ensure that the lead permits no measurable passage of x-ray.
How do radiographers protect themselves from radiation?Lead aprons are the most effective personal radiation protection means and should be worn by everyone in a fluoroscopy room (except the patient). Lead aprons may reduce the dose received by over 90% (85%-99%) depending on the energy of the X-rays (kV setting) and the lead equivalent thickness of the apron.
How does the patient benefit from effective communication with the radiographer during an imaging procedure?Effective communication with the patient is also necessary to ensure safety and the optimal diagnostic yield from the examination. If the patient is conscious and able to respond verbally then the information that they can provide can help deliver an efficient examination (Table 2).
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What precautions should be taken by a radiographer who must perform a radiographic examination on a pregnant patient quizlet?
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