Born in 1849 in Russia, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov attended the University of St. Petersburg. It was there that he studied medicine and the physiology of animals, obtaining a degree in both. Pavlov continued his studies in these areas and he ended up in Germany, where he stayed for two years. When returning to St. Petersburg he took up a position as an assistant in a physiology laborotory. By the age of 41 Pavlov was given the position of professor of pharmacology and head of a physiology department.  Pavlov insisted that he was a phsysiologist not a psychologist. In fact he hated his assisstants using any psychological terms instead of physiological terms, so much that he would fire them if he heard them do so. Even though Pavlov had this distastful view of psychology Pavlov's work become a major foundation for behaviourism in psychology. He was eventually awarded the position of physiology at the Imperial Medical Academy. Show
Pavlov won the 1904 noble prize in medicine and physiology for his work on the digestive system, although a lot of people best know him for his work 'Pavlov's Dogs'. These experiments were started after Pavlov observed that the dogs in his digestive experiments began to salivate before they were feed. The dogs would salivate at the mere sight of food or at just about any other stimulus that was paired often enough with the food often enough. Pavlov then carried out further expeirments to study this finding further, this gave a huge part of his concept of Classical Conditioning. By pairing the sound of a buzzer(conditioned stimulus) and food(uncontrolled stimulus) and the dogs would respond with salivation(unconditioned response), Pavlov had his experiment. The experiment showed that the sound of the buzzer could make the dogs salivate and that then makes salivation a conditioned response. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): This is a stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditional response. Pavlov's experiment had food as an unconditional stimulus. Unconditional Response (UCR): It is the automatic response to an unconditional stimulus. An example of this is the automatic salivation of the dog in response to the food Conditioned Stimulus (CS): This is the stimulus that brings on a particular response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The flashing light was this role in the experiment. It had an important effect on the dog's behaviour but only under a specific condition, it had been paired temporarily with the tasting of food. Conditioned response (CR): This refers to a response that the conditioned stimulus elicits, but only because it has previously been paired with the unconditioned stimulus. An example of this was the salivation of the dog in response to the light, this is the conditioned response. An unconditioned stimulus (UCS), always elicits an uncondtioned response (UCR). When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired over and over again with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), it eventually elicits a response, equivalent to an unconditioned response (UCR), that is now a conditioned response (CR). Acquisition: Aqusition occurs when the stimulus-responseaction requires a number of pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. After a couple of pairings the conditioned stimulus alone does not usually lead to a conditioned response. Although with increasing the numbers of pairings, the conditioned response happens more frequently and more strongly. An example of this is, in the salivation experiment the amount of salivation in response to the conditioned stimulus increases until it a peak is reached then it will start to level. Extinction: A conditioned response can be extinguished if the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus. An example of this is if the bell continuously rings without any food appearing, the dog will eventually stop salivating when the bell rings. Recovery: Spontaneous recovery occurs if the conditioned stimulus is presented again at another time. The conditioned response will appear again, but at a lower intensity than when the response had been first learned. An example of this is, if the bell is presented again later, the dog will start to salivate again. It is possible to extinguish the response completely, but you'd have to present the conditioned response without the conditioned stimulus again. You would have to repeat this several times. In time there would be no evidence of spontaneous recovery. What happens when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?Extinction refers to the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.
What happens after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented?The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus.
When conditioned stimulus is continually presented to a subject eventually it will lose the ability to cause a response this called?Extinction is one explanation. In psychology, extinction refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behavior decreasing or disappearing. In other words, the conditioned behavior eventually stops.
Why should the conditioned stimulus come before the unconditioned stimulus?Conditioned Stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus causes a response without any prior learning on the part of the subject. The response is automatic and occurs without thought. In contrast, a conditioned stimulus produces a reaction only after the subject has learned to associate it with a given outcome.
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What will happen if the conditioned stimulus is consistently presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
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