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Terms in this set (101)describe, explain, predict, change goals of psychology Learning Experiences lead you to know new information, possess new skills, or demonstrate new behaviors. This is known as ______.
experience Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to ________. associative learning Experiences cause us to link things in the environment together, we refer to this as _______ _________. associations/stimuli One of the most basic ways that we learn is by forming ________ (links) between _______ (things) that happen at about the same time. classical conditioning In ________ __________, we learn to associate a neutral (meaningless) stimulus in our environment with a different, meaningful stimulus that is very important to us because of its "ability" to elicit a response. classical conditioning Ex. of _____ _______. Different types of food make dogs drool. Pavlov ______ discovered classical conditioning. signal information that we could then use to figure out what would happen next temporal contiguity When things are closely linked together in time, we say they have ______ ________. neutral stimulus Ex. The buzzer in Pavlov's Dog Experiment. conditioned stimulus Ex. The buzzer makes the dog salivate. acquisition ________ is when learning occurs. unconditioned unlearned unconditioned stimulus An _________ ________ is an event or signal that reliably elicits a response without prior learning. (food, breastfeeding) unconditioned response (UR) _________ __________ is an automatic or unlearned reaction that automatically follows the unconditioned stimulus. (drooling, feeling secure) stimulus/response The unconditioned __________ always activates the unconditioned _________ - it is a reflex. conditioned stimulus (CS) ________ ___________ are learned signals. conditioned response (CR) _______ _________ is learned reaction. delay conditioning the conditioned stimulus (CS) should start just before (~0.5 sec) and overlap a bit with the unconditioned stimulus (US) John Watson Little Albert was conditioned to fear white rats with the sound of a loud noise by ______ ______. stimulus extinction This breaking of an association is called _______ _______. spontaneous recovery ________ _________ is when a conditioned response reemerges after extinction has occurred. Ex. The dog gets used to the buzzer and food linked, but doesn't hear it for a day. The next day he hears it and the connection is back. learning vs. performance When we think we know the answer on a test, but the answer won't come to mind, this is an example of _______ ________. motivation _______ always helps you perform well. conditioned taste aversion You learn to avoid a particular food because of a previous unpleasant experience with it. evolution Why is conditioned taste aversion such a special case? Law of Effects ______ ____ _______ suggests that behaviors that have happy endings are repeated, and that behaviors that produce unhappy consequences will instead be avoided in the future. operant conditioning Association between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. reinforcement a process that increases the probability of the behavior being repeated positive reinforcement _____ _________, or reward, and it means you get something pleasant from your environment to encourage you to do the same thing again. negative reinforcement something is unpleasant or undesired is removed to increase a behavior
escape learning escaping unpleasant things, also known as negative reinforcement is often called ______ _____ . escape learning applying aloe vera to a burn is an example of _____ _____. avoidance learning the unpleasant thing doesn't even happen because you do a behavior that allows you to avoid it altogether. punishment by application The first type of punishment involves giving or applying something unpleasant or undesired to stop a behavior. punishment by removal involves taking away something pleasant or desired that is usually already there, again with the goal of stopping a behavior. shaping positively reinforcing behavior to teach a complicated action to a person or creature. Ex. Teaching a chicken to play duck-duck-goose. extinction the animal or person quits responding appropriately constant, intermittent, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval Rules for the delivery of reinforcement. continuous On a ______ schedule, behaviors are reinforced every time. intermittent (partial) some sort of rule, or schedule, has to be followed to get the reward fixed A _________ ratio schedule would mean that the child has to say, "please," an exact number of times before she is given candy. (reward after set number of responses) variable A _________ ratio schedule would mean that the child has to say, "please," an unpredictable number of times before she gets candy. (reward after unpredictable # of responses) fixed interval _______ _______ schedule would mean that the child has to wait an exact amount of time after seeing the candy to say "please" before her dad will buy her candy. (reward for response after set period of time) variable interval _______ ________schedule would mean that an unpredictable amount of time has to pass after she sees the candy before saying "please" for her dad to buy her candy. (reward for response after an unpredictable amount of time) continuous behaviors learned from a _________ schedule are easiest to stop. learned helplessness How much punishment or abuse can a person take before they just give up and don't take advantage of ways to save themselves? Ex. Dogs with shock collars habituation after repeated exposure to a stimulus, decrease in responsiveness nonassociative learning occurs without forming associations between stimuli observational learning ____ _______suggests that learning can occur when we imitate others. modeling learning by imitating others vicarious reinforcement _____ ________occurs when a behavior increases as a result of watching or observing someone else receive reinforcement. reinforcement a reaction from the environment vicarious punishment person's punishment warns us about what not to do response reaction/behavior conditioned learned stimulus signal unconditioned automatic/unlearned associate link reinforcement increases behavior punishment decreases behavior positive reinforcement application negative reinforcement removal fixed constant/consistent variable unpredictable ratio based on number of behaviors interval based on time passing b Which of the following is a reflexive behavior? a Which of the following
starts off as a neutral or meaningless stimulus? a/b Which TWO of the following are almost always the same during classical conditioning? d In order for conditioning to happen, the conditioned stimulus should start ______ the unconditioned stimulus. a/d Which TWO of the following lead to an increase in a behavior? c Which of the following defines stimulus extinction? d Learning that occurs as a result of watching another person or animal that is modeling that behavior is known as _____. BF Skinner _________ _____________________ studied operant conditioning with experiments using animals in a "Skinner Box" Negative reinforcement Taking out the trash to avoid your parent yelling at you. Negative reinforcement Taking an aspirin to get rid of a headache Punishment by removal Taking away a cell phone due to bad behavior fixed ratio giving a child a reward every time they clean their room variable ratio buying lottery tickets and winning occasionally fixed interval getting a paycheck every 2 weeks variable interval checking your phone for text messages, rewarded with a message at random times sensitization after repeated exposure to a stimulus, increase in responsiveness being bitten, fear, seeing dogs, fear Nina was bit by a dog when she was four. Now she is afraid of all dogs and gets nervous whenever she sees one. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. getting hurt, fear, water slides, fear Eli slipped and hurt his leg when going down a water slide when he was four years old. He now refuses to go on any water slides. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. 1. positive reinforcement Donna is trying to get her son to be more cooperative in the morning so that they can get out the door on time for school. Match the terms below. positive reinforcement 1. Gives him a dime every time he makes it out the door on time. positive reinforcement Mrs. Price's son Tristin can be a bit of a trouble maker. Match the terms below. 1. Brings home an A, gets a video game spontaneous recovery Abby finally got over her fear of airplanes. She has been flying without fear for about three months. Then suddenly, she boards a plane for her next business trip and starts to feel nervous and sweaty. Which concept explains this response? fixed interval An employer gives the top performing employee a day off every 6 weeks. Which schedule of reinforcement is he using? vicarious punishment One of your co-workers is yelled at by your boss for forgetting to lock up at night. The next night you double check the door before you leave. Which concept explains this behavior? stimulus extinction The breaking of the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus, leading to the diminishing of the conditioned response is known as ____. fixed ratio Which schedule of reinforcement occurs when behaviors are reinforced after a set number of behaviors are performed? punishment by removal When the removal of a pleasant event weakens the behavior it follows this is known as _____. fixed interval A father gives his son his allowance every Friday as long as his chores are finished. Which schedule of reinforcement is he using? sensitization A person sitting next to you in the library is chewing gum. You hardly notice it at first, but after two hours the sound seems louder and extremely annoying. Which concept explains this change? stimulus extinction The breaking of the association between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus, leading to the diminishing of the conditioned response is known as ____. punishment by removal When the removal of a pleasant event weakens the behavior it follows this is known as _____. d Which of the following is NOT one of the things that makes conditioned taste aversion a special case of classical conditioning? fixed ratio A student is trying to teach herself to focus on her homework. After every third homework question she answers correctly, she rewards herself with a gummy bear. What kind of reinforcement schedule is this? vicarious reinforcement You notice that your brother gets praised by your mom when he does well in soccer. The next day you try extra hard at baseball practice. What concept explains this behavior? Recommended textbook solutions Psychology: Themes and Variations10th EditionWayne Weiten 180 solutions A Concise Introduction To Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,967 solutions
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QUESTION Which of the following would be considered a sign of secure attachment in a 1-year-old? a. Showing no sign of stranger anxiety, whether the parent is present or not. b. Paying no attention to a parent who re turns after a brief separation. c. Showing anger at the parent after a brief separation. d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return. e. Not reacting to a parent leaving or returning after a brief. separation. Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY What types of things does Henry seem unable to recall? Verified answer PSYCHOLOGY What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? a. Make the transfer of information across a synapse more efficient. b. Increase the amount of neurotransmitter available in the synapse. c. Reduce the antagonistic effect of certain drugs. d. Establish a resting potential in the axon. e. Speed up the transmission of information, within a neutron. Verified answer Other Quizlet setsPhysics 1290: True or False Questions28 terms Tally_BirdPLUS CNS & Psykofarmaka22 terms MSABAB5PLUS Bio Chem 1-Buffers36 terms ivanfitguru 2. Überblick über das Gehirn36 terms kidterkaPLUS Related questionsQUESTION a research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group or situation. 4 answers QUESTION The reinforcement of each and every correct response is called? 7 answers QUESTION Serena has noticed that she suddenly never feels hungry or thirsty. She reported her symptoms to her doctor, who decided to look for a possible tumor on her 11 answers QUESTION How long does Persistent Depressive Disorder usually last? 7 answers What is the removal of a pleasant stimulus called?How Reinforcement and Punishment Influence Behaviour: The Research of Thorndike and Skinner. When the removal of an unpleasant event strengthens the behavior it follows this is known as?Negative reinforcement: The strengthening of a response through the removal of a stimulus after the response occurs.
When you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior?In negative punishment , you remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior. For example, when a child misbehaves, a parent can take away a favorite toy. In this case, a stimulus (the toy) is removed in order to decrease the behavior.
What is the removal of reinforcement following a behavior?Negative punishment happens when a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future.
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When the removal of a pleasant event weakens the behavior it follows this is known as _____.
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