Which change to the GI tract would the nurse anticipate with aging decreased fat digestion?

2. Forman DE, Berman AD, McCabe CH, Baim DS, Wei JY. PTCA in the elderly: the ‘young-old’ versus the ‘old-old’ J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:19–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

3. Zizza CA, Ellison KJ, Wernette CM. Total water intakes of community-living middle-old and oldest-old adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64:481–486. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

4. Gariballa SE, Sinclair AJ. Nutrition, ageing and ill health. Br J Nutr. 1998;80:7–23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

5. Cereda E. Mini Nutritional Assessment. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15:29–41. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

6. European Commission. Demography Report 2010. Publication Office of the European Union; 2011. [Google Scholar]

7. Genton L, Karsegard VL, Chevalley T, Kossovsky MP, Darmon P, Pichard C. Body composition changes over 9 years in healthy elderly subjects and impact of physical activity. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:436–442. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Anderton BH. Ageing of the brain. Mech Ageing Dev. 2002;123:811–817. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

9. Bunn D, Jimoh F, Wilsher SH, Hooper L. Increasing Fluid Intake and Reducing Dehydration Risk in Older People Living in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:101–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

10. Leveille SG. Musculoskeletal aging. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2004;16:114–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

11. Kirkman MS, Briscoe VJ, Clark N, Florez H, Haas LB, Halter JB, et al. Diabetes in older adults. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2650–2664. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

12. Liu HH, Li JJ. Ageing and Dyslipidemia: A review of potential mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev. 2014;19:43–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

13. Falandry C, Bonnefoy M, Freyer G, Gilson E. Biology of cancer and aging: a complex association with cellular senescence. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:2604–2610. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

14. North BJ, Sinclair DA. The Intersection Between Aging and Cardiovascular Disease. Circ Res. 2012;110:1097–1108. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

15. Agarwal E, Miller M, Yaxley A, Isenring E. Malnutrition in the elderly: a narrative review. Maturitas. 2013;76:296–302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

16. Suzuki K, Simpson KA, Minnion JS, Shillito JC, Bloom SR. The role of gut hormones and the hypothalamus in appetite regulation. Endocr J. 2010;57:359–372. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

17. Decastro JM. Age-Related-Changes in Spontaneous Food-Intake and Hunger in Humans. Appetite. 1993;21:255–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

18. Pelchat ML, Schaefer S. Dietary monotony and food cravings in young and elderly adults. Physiol Behav. 2000;68:353–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

19. Kastin AJ, Pan WH. Dynamic regulation of leptin entry into brain by the blood-brain barrier. Regul Pept. 2000;92:37–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

20. de Boer A, Ter Horst GJ, Lorist MM. Physiological and psychosocial age-related changes associated with reduced food intake in older persons. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:316–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

21. Polzer I, Schimmel M, Muller F, Biffar R. Edentulism as part of the general health problems of elderly adults. Int Dent J. 2010;60:143–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

22. Schiffman SS. Taste and smell losses in normal aging and disease. J Am Med Assoc. 1997;278:1357–1362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

23. Narhi TO, Meurman JH, Ainamo A. Xerostomia and hyposalivation: causes, consequences and treatment in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 1999;15:103–116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

24. Bear FM, Connors BW, Paradiso MA. Neuroscience - Exploring the Brain. third. Baltimore, USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006. [Google Scholar]

25. Ramic E, Pranjic N, Batic-Mujanovic O, Karic E, Alibasic E, Alic A. The effect of loneliness on malnutrition in elderly population. Med Arh. 2011;65:92–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

26. Patel KA, Schlundt DG. Impact of moods and social context on eating behavior. Appetite. 2001;36:111–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

27. Drewnowski A, Shultz JM. Impact of aging on eating behaviors, food choices, nutrition, and health status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2001;5:75–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

28. Soderstrom L, Rosenblad A, Adolfsson ET, Saletti A, Bergkvist L. Nutritional status predicts preterm death in older people: a prospective cohort study. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:354–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

29. Landi F, Zuccala G, Gambassi G, Incalzi RA, Manigrasso L, Pagano F, et al. Body mass index and mortality among older people living in the community. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:1072–1076. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

31. de Onis M, Monteiro C, Akre J, Clugston G. The worldwide magnitude of protein-energy malnutrition: an overview from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1993;71:703–712. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

32. Elia M. Screening for Malnutrition: A Multidisciplinary Responsibility. Development and use of the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) for adults. Maidenhead: British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2003. [Google Scholar]

33. Saunders J, Smith T, Stroud M. Malnutrition and undernutrition. Medicine (Baltimore) 2011;39:45–50. [Google Scholar]

34. Brownie S. Why are elderly individuals at risk of nutritional deficiency. Intern J Nurs Pract. 2006;12:110–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

35. Kondrup J, Allison SP, Elia M, Vellas B, Plauth M. ESPEN guidelines for nutrition screening 2002. Clin Nutr. 2003;22:415–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

36. Morley J. Assessment of malnutrition in older persons: A focus on the mini nutritional assessment. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15:87–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

37. Guigoz Y, Vellas B, Garry PJ. Mini Nutritional Assessment: a practical assessment tool for grading the nutritional state of elderly patients. Facts Res Gerontol. 1994;4:15–59. [Google Scholar]

38. Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, et al. Validation of the Mini Nutritional Assessment short-form (MNA-SF): a practical tool for identification of nutritional status. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:782–788. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

39. Kaiser MJ, Bauer JM, Ramsch C, Uter W, Guigoz Y, Cederholm T, et al. Frequency of Malnutrition in Older Adults: A Multinational Perspective Using the Mini Nutritional Assessment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1734–1738. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

40. Iizaka S, Tadaka E, Sanada H. Comprehensive assessment of nutritional status and associated factors in the healthy, community-dwelling elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2008;8:24–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

41. Soini H, Muurinen S, Routasal P, Sandelin E, Savikko N, Suominen M, et al. Oral and nutritional status - Is the MNA a useful tool for dental clinics. Journal of Nutrition Health & Aging. 2006;10:495–499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

42. Torres MJ, Dorigny B, uhn M, err C, arberger-Gateau P, etenneur L. Nutritional Status in Community-Dwelling Elderly in France in Urban and Rural Areas. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e105137. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

43. Britton E, McLaughlin JT. Ageing and the gut. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72:173–177. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

44. Correia MI, Waitzberg DL. The impact of malnutrition on morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay and costs evaluated through a multivariate model analysis. Clin Nutr. 2003;22:235–239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

45. Feldblum I, German L, Bilenko N, Shahar A, Enten R, Greenberg D, et al. Nutritional risk and health care use before and after an acute hospitalization among the elderly. Nutrition. 2009;25:415–420. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

46. Morley JE, Flaherty JH. It's never too late: health promotion and illness prevention in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57:M338–M342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

47. Chernoff R. Nutrition and health promotion in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:47–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

48. Sloane PD, Ivey J, Helton M, Barrick AL, Cerna A. Nutritional issues in long-term care. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008;9:476–485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

49. Morley JE. Weight loss in older persons: New therapeutic approaches. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13:3637–3647. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

50. Gillette GS, Abellan Van KG, Alix E, Andrieu S, Belmin J, Berrut G, et al. IANA (International Academy on Nutrition and Aging) Expert Group: weight loss and Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007;11:38–48. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

51. Ranawana V, Leow MK, Henry CJ. Mastication effects on the glycaemic index: impact on variability and practical implications. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:137–139. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

52. Morquette P, Lavoie R, Fhima MD, Lamoureux X, Verdier D, Kolta A. Generation of the masticatory central pattern and its modulation by sensory feedback. Prog Neurobiol. 2012;96:340–355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

53. Mioche L, Bourdiol P, Peyron MA. Influence of age on mastication: effects on eating behaviour. Nutr Res Rev. 2004;17:43–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

54. Razak PA, Richard KM, Thankachan RP, Hafiz KA, Kumar KN, Sameer KM. Geriatric oral health: a review article. J Int Oral Health. 2014;6:110–116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

55. Mishellany-Dutour A, Renaud J, Peyron MA, Rimek F, Woda A. Is the goal of mastication reached in young dentates, aged dentates and aged denture wearers? Br J Nutr. 2008;99:121–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Peyron MA, Mishellany A, Bourdiol P, Woda A. Poor mastication could result in poor nutrition. The effects of age on oral functions and consequences on nutrition. In: Macleod C.L., editor. New research on nutrition for the middle-aged and elderly. Nova Sciences Publishers Inc; 2008. pp. 1–29. Macleod CL. [Google Scholar]

57. Bakke M, Holm B, Jensen BL, Michler L, Moller E. Unilateral, isometric bite force in 8-68-year-old women and men related to occlusal factors. Scand J Dent Res. 1990;98:149–158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

58. Newton JP, Yemm R, Abel RW, Menhinick S. Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state. Gerodontology. 1993;10:16–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

59. Palinkas M, Nassar MS, Cecilio FA, Siessere S, Semprini M, Machado-de-Sousa JP, et al. Age and gender influence on maximal bite force and masticatory muscles thickness. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55:797–802. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

60. Feldman RS. Age, Masticatory Ability and Swallowing. Nutr Rev. 1983;41 [Google Scholar]

61. Woda A, Foster K, Mishellany A, Peyron MA. Adaptation of healthy mastication to factors pertaining to the individual or to the food. Physiol Behav. 2006;89:28–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

62. Peyron MA, Blanc O, Lund JP, Woda A. Influence of age on adaptability of human mastication. J Neurophysiol. 2004;92:773–779. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

63. Feldman RS, Kapur KK, Alman JE, Chauncey HH. Aging and mastication: changes in performance and in the swallowing threshold with natural dentition. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1980;28:97–103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

64. Kohyama K, Mioche L, Martin JF. Chewing patterns of various texture foods studied by electromyography in young and elderly populations. J Text Studies. 2002;33:269–283. [Google Scholar]

65. Logemann JA. Effects of aging on the swallowing mechanism. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1990;23:1045–1056. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

66. Smith CH, Logemann JA, Burghardt WR, Zecker SG, Rademaker AW. Oral and oropharyngeal perceptions of fluid viscosity across the age span. Dysphagia. 2006;21:209–217. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

67. Ritchie CS, Joshipura K, Hung HC, Douglass CW. Nutrition as a mediator in the relation between oral and systemic disease: associations between specific measures of adult oral health and nutrition outcomes. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13:291–300. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

68. Muller F, Naharro M, Carlsson GE. What are the prevalence and incidence of tooth loss in the adult and elderly population in Europe? Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18:2–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

69. Ozturk CN, Ozturk C, Bozkurt M, Uygur HS, Papay FA, Zins JE. Dentition, bone loss, and the aging of the mandible. Aesthet Surg J. 2013;33:967–974. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

70. Woda A, Mishellany A, Peyron MA. The regulation of masticatory function and food bolus formation. J Oral Rehabil. 2006;33:840–849. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

71. Wayler AH, Chauncey HH. Impact of complete dentures and impaired natural dentition on masticatory performance and food choice in healthy aging men. J Prosthet Dent. 1983;49:427–433. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

72. Bessadet M, Nicolas E, Sochat M, Hennequin M, Veyrune JL. Impact of removable partial denture prosthesis on chewing efficiency. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21:392–396. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

73. Woda A, Nicolas E, Mishellany-Dutour A, Hennequin M, Mazille MN, Veyrune JL, et al. The masticatory normative indicator. J Dent Res. 2010;89:281–285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

74. Ichikawa K, Sakuma S, Yoshihara A, Miyazaki H, Funayama S, Ito K, et al. Relationships between the amount of saliva and medications in elderly individuals. Gerodontology. 2011;28:116–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

75. Cousson PY, Bessadet M, Nicolas E, Veyrune JL, Lesourd B, Lassauzay C. Nutritional status, dietary intake and oral quality of life in elderly complete denture wearers. Gerodontology. 2012;29:e685–e692. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Marcenes W, Steele JG, Sheiham A, Walls AW. The relationship between dental status, food selection, nutrient intake, nutritional status, and body mass index in older people. Cad Saude Publica. 2003;19:809–816. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

77. Joshipura KJ, Willett WC, Douglass CW. The impact of edentulousness on food and nutrient intake. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127:459–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

78. Teixeira FB, Pereira Fernandes LM, Noronha PA, dos Santos MA, Gomes-Leal W, Ferraz Maia CS, et al. Masticatory deficiency as a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction. Int J Med Sci. 2014;11:209–214. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

79. Geissler CA, Bates JF. The nutritional effects of tooth loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984;39:478–489. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

80. Budtz-Jorgensen E, Chung JP, Rapin CH. Nutrition and oral health. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;15:885–896. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

81. Van Lancker A, Verhaeghe S, Van Hecke A, Vanderwee K, Goossens J, Beeckman D. The association between malnutrition and oral health status in elderly in long-term care facilities: a systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012;49:1568–1581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

82. Hatch JP, Shinkai RS, Sakai S, Rugh JD, Paunovich ED. Determinants of masticatory performance in dentate adults. Arch Oral Biol. 2001;46:641–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

83. El ON, Hennequin M, Tubert-Jeannin S, Abboud Naaman NB, El OL, Geahchan N. The pertinence of oral health indicators in nutritional studies in the elderly. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:316–321. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

84. Tubert-Jeannin S, Riordan PJ, Morel-Papernot A, Porcheray S, Saby-Collet S. Validation of an oral health quality of life index (GOHAI) in France. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31:275–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

85. Cereda E, Valzolgher L, Pedrolli C. Mini nutritional assessment is a good predictor of functional status in institutionalised elderly at risk of malnutrition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27:700–705. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

86. Kong F, Singh RP. Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach. J Food Sci. 2008;73:R67–R80. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

87. Weiner K, Graham LS, Reedy T, Elashoff J, Meyer JH. Simultaneous gastric emptying of two solid foods. Gastroenterology. 1981;81:257–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

88. Poitras P, Boivin M, Morais J, Picard M, Mercier P. Gastric emptying of solid food in edentulous patients. Digestion. 1995;56:483–487. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

89. Darwiche G, Ostman EM, Liljeberg HG, Kallinen N, Bjorgell O, Bjorck IM, et al. Measurements of the gastric emptying rate by use of ultrasonography: studies in humans using bread with added sodium propionate. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:254–258. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

90. Pera P, Bucca C, Borro P, Bernocco C, De LA, Carossa S. Influence of mastication on gastric emptying. J Dent Res. 2002;81:179–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

91. Doran S, Jones KL, Andrews JM, Horowitz M. Effects of meal volume and posture on gastric emptying of solids and appetite. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:R1712–R1718. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

92. Gentilcore D, Hausken T, Horowitz M, Jones KL. Measurements of gastric emptying of low- and high-nutrient liquids using 3D ultrasonography and scintigraphy in healthy subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006;18:1062–1068. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

93. Collins PJ, Horowitz M, Maddox A, My ers JC, Chatterton BE. Effects of increasing solid component size of a mixed solid/liquid meal on solid and liquid gastric emptying. Am J Physiol. 1996;271:G549–G554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

94. Guerin S, Ramonet Y, LeCloarec J, Meunier-Salaun MC, Bourguet P, Malbert CH. Changes in intragastric meal distribution are better predictors of gastric emptying rate in conscious pigs than are meal viscosity or dietary fibre concentration. Br J Nutr. 2001;85:343–350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

95. Remond D, Machebeuf M, Yven C, Buffiere C, Mioche L, Mosoni L, et al. Postprandial whole-body protein metabolism after a meat meal is influenced by chewing efficiency in elderly subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1286–1292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

96. Chassagne P, Capet C, Verdonck A, Bercoff E, Doucet J, Hellot MF, et al. Does age influence the gastric emptying of solids? Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1659–1661. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

97. Madsen JL, Graff J. Effects of ageing on gastrointestinal motor function. Age Ageing. 2004;33:154–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

98. Hellmig S, Von SF, Gadow C, Katsoulis S, Hedderich J, Folsch UR, et al. Gastric emptying time of fluids and solids in healthy subjects determined by 13C breath tests: influence of age, sex and body mass index. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21:1832–1838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

99. Serra-Prat M, Mans E, Palomera E, Clave P. Gastrointestinal peptides, gastrointestinal motility, and anorexia of aging in frail elderly persons. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25:291–e245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

100. Clarkston WK, Pantano MM, Morley JE, Horowitz M, Littlefield JM, Burton FR. Evidence for the anorexia of aging: gastrointestinal transit and hunger in healthy elderly vs. young adults. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:R243–R248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

101. Brogna A, Ferrara R, Bucceri AM, Lanteri E, Catalano F. Influence of aging on gastrointestinal transit time. An ultrasonographic and radiologic study. Invest Radiol. 1999;34:357–359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

102. O'Donovan D, Hausken T, Lei Y, Russo A, Keogh J, Horowitz M, et al. Effect of aging on transpyloric flow, gastric emptying, and intragastric distribution in healthy humans—impact on glycemia. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:671–676. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

103. Sarosiek I, Selover KH, Katz LA, Semler JR, Wilding GE, Lackner JM, et al. The assessment of regional gut transit times in healthy controls and patients with gastroparesis using wireless motility technology. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:313–322. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

104. Anuras S, Sutherland J. Small intestinal manometry in healthy elderly subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1984;32:581–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

105. Husebye E, Engedal K. The patterns of motility are maintained in the human small intestine throughout the process of aging. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1992;27:397–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

106. Kagaya M, Iwata N, Toda Y, Nakae Y, Kondo T. Small bowel transit time and colonic fermentation in young and elderly women. J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:453–456. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

107. Metcalf AM, Phillips SF, Zinsmeister AR, MacCarty RL, Beart RW, Wolff BG. Simplified assessment of segmental colonic transit. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:40–47. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Liu F, Kondo T, Toda Y. Brief physical inactivity prolongs colonic transit time in elderly active men. Int J Sports Med. 1993;14:465–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

109. Gallagher P, O'Mahony D. Constipation in old age. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23:875–887. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

110. Kuo B, McCallum RW, Koch KL, Sitrin MD, Wo JM, Chey WD, et al. Comparison of gastric emptying of a nondigestible capsule to a radio-labelled meal in healthy and gastroparetic subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27:186–196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

111. Bitar K, Greenwood-Van MB, Saad R, Wiley JW. Aging and gastrointestinal neuromuscular function: insights from within and outside the gut. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23:490–501. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

112. Saffrey MJ. Cellular changes in the enteric nervous system during ageing. Dev Biol. 2013;382:344–355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

113. Hanani M, Fellig Y, Udassin R, Freund HR. Age-related changes in the morphology of the myenteric plexus of the human colon. Auton Neurosci. 2004;113:71–78. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

114. Bernard CE, Gibbons SJ, Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Lurken MS, Schmalz PF, Roeder JL, et al. Effect of age on the enteric nervous system of the human colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21:746–e46. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

115. Gamage PP, Ranson RN, Patel BA, Yeoman MS, Saffrey MJ. Myenteric neuron numbers are maintained in aging mouse distal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25:e495–e505. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

116. Phillips RJ, Billingsley CN, Powley TL. Macrophages are unsuccessful in clearing aggregated alpha-synuclein from the gastrointestinal tract of healthy aged Fischer 344 rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013;296:654–669. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

117. Coulombe J, Gamage P, Gray MT, Zhang M, Tang MY, Woulfe J, et al. Loss of UCHL1 promotes age-related degenerative changes in the enteric nervous system. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:129. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

118. Southwell BR, Koh TL, Wong SQ, King SK, Ong SY, Lee M, et al. Decrease in nerve fibre density in human sigmoid colon circular muscle occurs with growth but not aging. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22:439–45. e106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

119. Phillips RJ, Pairitz JC, Powley TL. Age-related neuronal loss in the submucosal plexus of the colon of Fischer 344 rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2007;28:1124–1137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Gomez-Pinilla PJ, Gibbons SJ, Sarr MG, Kendrick ML, Shen KR, Cima RR, et al. Changes in interstitial cells of cajal with age in the human stomach and colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23:36–44. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Jo HJ, Kim N, Nam RH, Kang JM, Kim JH, Choe G, et al. Fat deposition in the tunica muscularis and decrease of interstitial cells of Cajal and nNOS-positive neuronal cells in the aged rat colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;306:G659–G669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Smith CH, Boland B, Daureeawoo Y, Donaldson E, Small K, Tuomainen J. Effect of aging on stimulated salivary flow in adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:805–808. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

123. Choi JS, Park IS, Kim SK, Lim JY, Kim YM. Analysis of age-related changes in the functional morphologies of salivary glands in mice. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58:1635–1642. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

124. Nater UM, Hoppmann CA, Scott SB. Diurnal profiles of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase change across the adult lifespan: evidence from repeated daily life assessments. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2013;38:3167–3171. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

125. Kulkarni BV, Mattes RD. Lingual lipase activity in the orosensory detection of fat by humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014;306:R879–R885. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

126. Voigt N, Stein J, Galindo MM, Dunkel A, Raguse JD, Meyerhof W, et al. The role of lipolysis in human orosensory fat perception. J Lipid Res. 2014;55:870–882. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

127. Katelaris PH, Seow F, Lin BP, Napoli J, Ngu MC, Jones DB. Effect of age, Helicobacter pylori infection, and gastritis with atrophy on serum gastrin and gastric acid secretion in healthy men. Gut. 1993;34:1032–1037. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

128. Feldman M, Cryer B, McArthur KE, Huet BA, Lee E. Effects of aging and gastritis on gastric acid and pepsin secretion in humans: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1996;110:1043–1052. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

129. Haruma K, Kamada T, Kawaguchi H, Okamoto S, Yoshihara M, Sumii K, et al. Effect of age and Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric acid secretion. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15:277–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

130. Nakamura K, Ogoshi K, Makuuchi H. Influence of aging, gastric mucosal atrophy and dietary habits on gastric secretion. Hepatogastroenterology. 2006;53:624–628. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

131. Goldschmiedt M, Barnett CC, Schwarz BE, Karnes WE, Redfern JS, Feldman M. Effect of age on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentrations in healthy men and women. Gastroenterology. 1991;101:977–990. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

132. Khalil T, Fujimura M, Townsend CM, Jr, Greeley GH, Jr, Thompson JC. Effect of aging on pancreatic secretion in rats. Am J Surg. 1985;149:120–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

133. Pelot D, Lorusso JV, Hollander D. The influence of aging on basal and secretin stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion in the unanesthetized rat. Age (Dordr) 1987;10:1–4. [Google Scholar]

134. Jiang ZE, Jiang C, Chen B, Koh CS, Yong JH, Park DH, et al. Age-associated changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion of the isolated perfused rat pancreas. Lab Anim Res. 2013;29:19–26. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

135. Vellas B, Balas D, Moreau J, Bouisson M, Senegas-Balas F, Guidet M, et al. Exocrine pancreatic secretion in the elderly. Int J Pancreatol. 1988;3:497–502. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

136. Ishibashi T, Matsumoto S, Harada H, Ochi K, Tanaka J, Seno T, et al. Aging and exocrine pancreatic function evaluated by the recently standardized secretin test. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 1991;28:599–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

137. Laugier R, Bernard JP, Berthezene P, Dupuy P. Changes in pancreatic exocrine secretion with age: pancreatic exocrine secretion does decrease in the elderly. Digestion. 1991;50:202–211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

138. Sato T, Ito K, Tamada T, Sone T, Noda Y, Higaki A, et al. Age-related changes in normal adult pancreas: MR imaging evaluation. Eur J Radiol. 2012;81:2093–2098. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

139. Rothenbacher D, Low M, Hardt PD, Klor HU, Ziegler H, Brenner H. Prevalence and determinants of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency among older adults: results of a population-based study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:697–704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

140. Herzig KH, Purhonen AK, Rasanen KM, Idziak J, Juvonen P, Phillps R, et al. Fecal pancreatic elastase-1 levels in older individuals without known gastrointestinal diseases or diabetes mellitus. BMC Geriatr. 2011;11:4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

141. Gullo L, Simoni P, Migliori M, Lucrezio L, Bassi M, Frau F, et al. A study of pancreatic function among subjects over ninety years of age. Pancreatology. 2009;9:240–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

142. Saisho Y, Butler AE, Manesso E, Elashoff D, Rizza RA, Butler PC. beta-cell mass and turnover in humans: effects of obesity and aging. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:111–117. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

143. De TV. Age-related impairment of pancreatic Beta-cell function: pathophysiological and cellular mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014;5:138. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

144. Basu R, Breda E, Oberg AL, Powell CC, Dalla MC, Basu A, et al. Mechanisms of the age-associated deterioration in glucose tolerance: contribution of alterations in insulin secretion, action, and clearance. Diabetes. 2003;52:1738–1748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

145. Salemans JM, Nagengast FM, Tangerman A, van SA, Hopman WP, de Haan AF, et al. Effect of ageing on postprandial conjugated and unconjugated serum bile acid levels in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest. 1993;23:192–198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

146. Khalil T, Walker JP, Wiener I, Fagan CJ, Townsend CM, Jr., Greeley GH, Jr., et al. Effect of aging on gallbladder contraction and release of cholecystokinin-33 in humans. Surgery. 1985;98:423–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

147. Valdivieso V, Palma R, Wunkhaus R, Antezana C, Severin C, Contreras A. Effect of aging on biliary lipid composition and bile acid metabolism in normal Chilean women. Gastroenterology. 1978;74:871–874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

148. Biagi E, Candela M, Turroni S, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Brigidi P. Ageing and gut microbes: perspectives for health maintenance and longevity. Pharmacol Res. 2013;69:11–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

149. Biagi E, Candela M, Fairweather-Tait S, Franceschi C, Brigidi P. Aging of the human metaorganism: the microbial counterpart. Age (Dordr) 2012;34:247–267. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

150. Claesson MJ, Jeffery IB, Conde S, Power SE, O'Connor EM, Cusack S, et al. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly. Nature. 2012;488:178–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

151. Rampelli S, Candela M, Turroni S, Biagi E, Collino S, Franceschi C, et al. Functional metagenomic profiling of intestinal microbiome in extreme ageing. Aging. 2013;5:902–912. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

152. Steegenga WT, de Wit NJ, Boekschoten MV, Ijssennagger N, Lute C, Keshtkar S, et al. Structural, functional and molecular analysis of the effects of aging in the small intestine and colon of C57BL/6J mice. BMC Med Genomics. 2012;5:38. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

153. Ren WY, Wu KF, Li X, Luo M, Liu HC, Zhang SC, et al. Age-related changes in small intestinal mucosa epithelium architecture and epithelial tight junction in rat models. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2014;26:183–191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

154. Lipski PS, Bennett MK, Kelly PJ, James OF. Ageing and duodenal morphometry. J Clin Pathol. 1992;45:450–452. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

155. Ciccocioppo R, Di SA, Luinetti O, Rossi M, Cifone MG, Corazza GR. Small bowel enterocyte apoptosis and proliferation are increased in the elderly. Gerontology. 2002;48:204–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

156. Schmelz EM, Levi E, Du J, Xu H, Majumdar AP. Age-related loss of EGF-receptor related protein (ERRP) in the aging colon is a potential risk factor for colon cancer. Mech Ageing Dev. 2004;125:917–922. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

157. Majumdar AP, Du J, Yu Y, Xu H, Levi E, Patel BB, et al. Cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein-1: a novel regulator of apoptosis in the colonic mucosa during aging. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007;293:G1215–G1222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

158. Saltzman JR, Kowdley KV, Perrone G, Russell RM. Changes in small-intestine permeability with aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:160–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

159. Valentini L, Ramminger S, Haas V, Postrach E, Werich M, Fischer A, et al. Small intestinal permeability in older adults. Physiol Rep. 2014;2:e00281. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

160. Tran L, Greenwood-Van MB. In a non-human primate model, aging disrupts the neural control of intestinal smooth muscle contractility in a region-specific manner. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26:410–418. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

161. Woudstra TD, Drozdowski LA, Wild GE, Clandinin MT, Agellon LB, Thomson AB. An isocaloric PUFA diet enhances lipid uptake and weight gain in aging rats. Lipids. 2004;39:343–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

162. Duan LP, Wang HH, Ohashi A, Wang DQ. Role of intestinal sterol transporters Abcg5, Abcg8, and Npc1l1 in cholesterol absorption in mice: gender and age effects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;290:G269–G276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

163. Masson CJ, Plat J, Mensink RP, Namiot A, Kisielewski W, Namiot Z, et al. Fatty acid- and cholesterol transporter protein expression along the human intestinal tract. PLoS ONE. 2010;5:e10380. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

164. Drozdowski LA, Woudstra TD, Wild GE, Clandinin MT, Thomson AB. Age-associated changes in intestinal fructose uptake are not explained by alterations in the abundance of GLUT5 or GLUT2. J Nutr Biochem. 2004;15:630–637. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

165. Drozdowski L, Woudstra T, Wild G, Clandindin MT, Thomson AB. The age-associated decline in the intestinal uptake of glucose is not accompanied by changes in the mRNA or protein abundance of SGLT1. Mech Ageing Dev. 2003;124:1035–1045. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

166. Ferraris RP, Vinnakota RR. Regulation of intestinal nutrient transport is impaired in aged mice. J Nutr. 1993;123:502–511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

167. Brown AJ, Krits I, Armbrecht HJ. Effect of age, vitamin D, and calcium on the regulation of rat intestinal epithelial calcium channels. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2005;437:51–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

168. van AM, Huybers S, Hoenderop JG, van der Kemp AW, van Leeuwen JP, Bindels RJ. Age-dependent alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis: role of TRPV5 and TRPV6. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;291:F1177–F1183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

169. Fujita H, Sugimoto K, Inatomi S, Maeda T, Osanai M, Uchiyama Y, et al. Tight junction proteins claudin-2 and -12 are critical for vitamin D-dependent Ca2+ absorption between enterocytes. Mol Biol Cell. 2008;19:1912–1921. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

170. Gonzalez PV, Russo de BA. Age-related changes in the response of intestinal cells to 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:76–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

171. Ganz T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:1721–1741. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

172. Man AL, Gicheva N, Nicoletti C. The impact of ageing on the intestinal epithelial barrier and immune system. Cell Immunol. 2014;289:112–118. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

173. Newton JL, Jordan N, Pearson J, Williams GV, Allen A, James OF. The adherent gastric antral and duodenal mucus gel layer thins with advancing age in subjects infected with Helicobacter pylori. Gerontology. 2000;46:153–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

174. He F, Ouwehand AC, Isolauri E, Hosoda M, Benno Y, Salminen S. Differences in composition and mucosal adhesion of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy adults and healthy seniors. Curr Microbiol. 2001;43:351–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

175. Mabbott NA, Kobayashi A, Sehgal A, Bradford BM, Pattison M, Donaldson DS. Aging and the mucosal immune system in the intestine. Biogerontology. 2015;16:133–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

176. Santiago AF, Alves AC, Oliveira RP, Fernandes RM, Paula-Silva J, Assis FA, et al. Aging correlates with reduction in regulatory-type cytokines and T cells in the gut mucosa. Immunobiology. 2011;216:1085–1093. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

177. Kobayashi A, Donaldson DS, Erridge C, Kanaya T, Williams IR, Ohno H, et al. The functional maturation of M cells is dramatically reduced in the Peyer's patches of aged mice. Mucosal Immunol. 2013;6:1027–1037. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

178. Kato H, Fujihashi K, Kato R, Dohi T, Fujihashi K, Hagiwara Y, et al. Lack of oral tolerance in aging is due to sequential loss of Peyer's patch cell interactions. Int Immunol. 2003;15:145–158. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

179. Waki S, Kinoshita Y, Wang HY, Asahara M, Matsushima Y, Hassan MS, et al. Effect of aging on gastrin receptor gene expression in rat stomach. Peptides. 1998;19:225–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

180. MacIntosh CG, Andrews JM, Jones KL, Wishart JM, Morris HA, Jansen JB, et al. Effects of age on concentrations of plasma cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and peptide YY and their relation to appetite and pyloric motility. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:999–1006. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

181. Sturm K, MacIntosh CG, Parker BA, Wishart J, Horowitz M, Chapman IM. Appetite, food intake, and plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin, ghrelin, and other gastrointestinal hormones in undernourished older women and well-nourished young and older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:3747–3755. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

182. Di FV, Zamboni M, Dioli A, Zoico E, Mazzali G, Omizzolo F, et al. Delayed postprandial gastric emptying and impaired gallbladder contraction together with elevated cholecystokinin and peptide YY serum levels sustain satiety and inhibit hunger in healthy elderly persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:1581–1585. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

183. Rigamonti AE, Pincelli AI, Corra B, Viarengo R, Bonomo SM, Galimberti D, et al. Plasma ghrelin concentrations in elderly subjects: comparison with anorexic and obese patients. J Endocrinol. 2002;175:R1–R5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

184. Serra-Prat M, Palomera E, Clave P, Puig-Domingo M. Effect of age and frailty on ghrelin and cholecystokinin responses to a meal test. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:1410–1417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

185. Bauer JM, Haack A, Winning K, Wirth R, Fischer B, Uter W, et al. Impaired postprandial response of active ghrelin and prolonged suppression of hunger sensation in the elderly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65:307–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

186. Nass R, Farhy LS, Liu J, Pezzoli SS, Johnson ML, Gaylinn BD, et al. Age-dependent decline in acyl-ghrelin concentrations and reduced association of acyl-ghrelin and growth hormone in healthy older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:602–608. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

187. Sandstrom O, el-Salhy M. Human rectal endocrine cells and aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 1999;108:219–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

188. Geloneze B, de Oliveira MS, Vasques AC, Novaes FS, Pareja JC, Tambascia MA. Impaired incretin secretion and pancreatic dysfunction with older age and diabetes. Metabolism. 2014;63:922–929. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

189. Ranganath L, Sedgwick I, Morgan L, Wright J, Marks V. The ageing entero-insular axis. Diabetologia. 1998;41:1309–1313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

190. Chambon-Savanovitch C, Felgines C, Walrand S, Raul F, Zarrabian S, Meunier MT, et al. A pancreatic extract-enriched diet improves the nutritional status of aged rats. J Nutr. 2001;131:813–819. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

191. Gilani GS, Sepehr E. Protein digestibility and quality in products containing antinutritional factors are adversely affected by old age in rats. J Nutr. 2003;133:220–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

192. Boirie Y, Gachon P, Beaufrere B. Splanchnic and whole-body leucine kinetics in young and elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:489–495. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

193. Volpi E, Mittendorfer B, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR. Oral amino acids stimulate muscle protein anabolism in the elderly despite higher first-pass splanchnic extraction. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:E513–E520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

194. Patenaude A, Rodriguez-Leyva D, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Dupasquier CM, Austria JA, et al. Bioavailability of alpha-linolenic acid from flaxseed diets as a function of the age of the subject. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63:1123–1129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

195. Lindenbaum J, Rosenberg IH, Wilson PW, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:2–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

196. Quadros EV. Advances in the understanding of cobalamin assimilation and metabolism. Br J Haematol. 2010;148:195–204. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

197. Borel P, Preveraud D, Desmarchelier C. Bioavailability of vitamin E in humans: an update. Nutr Rev. 2013;71:319–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

198. Reboul E. Absorption of vitamin A and carotenoids by the enterocyte: focus on transport proteins. Nutrients. 2013;5:3563–3581. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

199. Reboul E. Intestinal absorption of vitamin D: from the meal to the enterocyte. Food Funct. 2015;6:356–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

200. Bullamore JR, Wilkinson R, Gallagher JC, Nordin BE, Marshall DH. Effect of age on calcium absorption. Lancet. 1970;2:535–537. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

201. Alevizaki CC, Ikkos DG, Singhelakis P. Progressive decrease of true intestinal calcium absorption with age in normal man. J Nucl Med. 1973;14:760–762. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

202. Pattanaungkul S, Riggs BL, Yergey AL, Vieira NE, O'Fallon WM, Khosla S. Relationship of intestinal calcium absorption to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] levels in young versus elderly women: evidence for age-related intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)2D action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:4023–4027. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

203. Martini L, Wood RJ. Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1345–1350. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

204. Kassarjian Z, Russell RM. Hypochlorhydria: a factor in nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 1989;9:271–285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

205. Masyuk AI, Marinelli RA, LaRusso NF. Water transport by epithelia of the digestive tract. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:545–562. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

206. Laforenza U. Water channel proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. Mol Aspects Med. 2012;33:642–650. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

207. Morley JE. Pathophysiology of the anorexia of aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013;16:27–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

208. Ghisleni G, Porciuncula LO, Mioranzza S, Boeck CR, Rocha JB, Souza DO. Selenium compounds counteract the stimulation of ecto-nucleotidase activities in rat cultured cerebellar granule cells: putative correlation with neuroprotective effects. Brain Res. 2008;1221:134–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

209. Parikh SJ, Yanovski JA. Calcium intake and adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:281–287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

210. Lauretani F, Semba RD, Bandinelli S, Ray AL, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L. Association of low plasma selenium concentrations with poor muscle strength in older community-dwelling adults: the InCHIANTI Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:347–352. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

211. Liu S, Song Y, Ford ES, Manson JE, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2926–2932. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

212. Sonn U. Longitudinal studies of dependence in daily life activities among elderly persons. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1996;34:1–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

213. Laye S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, neuroinflammation and well being. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2010;82:295–303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

214. Morris MC. Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71:1–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

215. Christen Y. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:621S–629S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

216. Jenner P. Oxidative damage in neurodegenerative disease. Lancet. 1994;344:796–798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

217. Young RW. Solar radiation and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988;32:252–269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

218. Kang JW, Choi HS, Kim K, Choi JY. Dietary vitamin intake correlates with hearing thresholds in the older population: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:1407–1413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

219. Someya S, Yu W, Hallows WC, Xu J, Vann JM, Leeuwenburgh C, et al. Sirt3 mediates reduction of oxidative damage and prevention of age-related hearing loss under caloric restriction. Cell. 2010;143:802–812. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

220. Yamasoba T, Lin FR, Someya S, Kashio A, Sakamoto T, Kondo K. Current concepts in age-related hearing loss: epidemiology and mechanistic pathways. Hear Res. 2013;303:30–38. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

221. Seidman MD, Khan MJ, Tang WX, Quirk WS. Influence of lecithin on mitochondrial DNA and age-related hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;127:138–144. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

222. Seidman MD. Effects of dietary restriction and antioxidants on presbyacusis. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:727–738. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

223. Mangialasche F, Kivipelto M, Mecocci P, Rizzuto D, Palmer K, Winblad B, et al. High plasma levels of vitamin E forms and reduced Alzheimer's disease risk in advanced age. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:1029–1037. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

224. Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, Hofman A, Witteman JC, et al. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. J Am Med Assoc. 2002;287:3223–3229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

225. Zampatti S, Ricci F, Cusumano A, Marsella LT, Novelli G, Giardina E. Review of nutrient actions on age-related macular degeneration. Nutr Res. 2014;34:95–105. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

226. Grigorian F. The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study AREDS report no. 22. Evidence-Based Ophthalmology. 2008;9:122–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

227. Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:883–892. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

228. Sin HP, Liu DT, Lam DS. Lifestyle modification, nutritional and vitamins supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2013;91:6–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

229. Goldberg J, Flowerdew G, Smith E, Brody JA, Tso MO. Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. An analysis of data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128:700–710. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

230. Delcourt C, Cristol JP, Tessier F, Leger CL, Descomps B, Papoz L. Age-related macular degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. POLA Study Group. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:1384–1390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

231. Parekh N, Chappell RJ, Millen AE, Albert DM, Mares JA. Association between vitamin D and age-related macular degeneration in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 through 1994. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:661–669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

232. Lee V, Rekhi E, Hoh KJ, Jeffery G. Vitamin D rejuvenates aging eyes by reducing inflammation, clearing amyloid beta and improving visual function. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33:2382–2389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

233. Carmel R. Cobalamin, the stomach, and aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:750–759. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

234. Haan MN, Miller JW, Aiello AE, Whitmer RA, Jagust WJ, Mungas DM, et al. Homocysteine, B vitamins, and the incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment: results from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:511–517. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

235. Seshadri S. Elevated plasma homocysteine levels: risk factor or risk marker for the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2006;9:393–398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

236. Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Shea S, Miller J, Green R, Mayeux R. Plasma homocysteine levels and risk of Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2004;62:1972–1976. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

237. Ho PI, Collins SC, Dhitavat S, Ortiz D, Ashline D, Rogers E, et al. Homocysteine potentiates beta-amyloid neurotoxicity: role of oxidative stress. J Neurochem. 2001;78:249–253. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

238. Figlin E, Chetrit A, Shahar A, Shpilberg O, Zivelin A, Rosenberg N, et al. High prevalences of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency in elderly subjects in Israel. Br J Haematol. 2003;123:696–701. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

239. Shahar A, Feiglin L, Shahar DR, Levy S, Seligsohn U. High prevalence and impact of subnormal serum vitamin B12 levels in Israeli elders admitted to a geriatric hospital. J Nutr Health Aging. 2001;5:124–127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

240. Kamburoglu G, Gumus K, Kadayifcilar S, Eldem B. Plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244:565–569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

241. Houston DK, Johnson MA, Nozza RJ, Gunter EW, Shea KJ, Cutler GM, et al. Age-related hearing loss, vitamin B-12, and folate in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:564–571. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

242. Park S, Johnson MA, Shea-Miller K, De Chicchis AR, Allen RH, Stabler SP. Age-related hearing loss, methylmalonic acid, and vitamin B12 status in older adults. J Nutr Elder. 2006;25:105–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

243. Bourre JM, Dumont O, Piciotti M, Clement M, Chaudiere J, Bonneil M, et al. Essentiality of omega 3 fatty acids for brain structure and function. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1991;66:103–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

244. Burdge GC, Calder PC. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reprod Nutr Dev. 2005;45:581–597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

245. Denis I, Potier B, Heberden C, Vancassel S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2015;18:139–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

246. Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, Park SW, Conroy MB, Velasquez-Mieyer P, et al. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1579–1585. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

247. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Landi F, Schneider SM, Zuniga C, Arai H, Boirie Y, et al. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS) Age Ageing. 2014;43:748–759. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

248. Scott D, Blizzard L, Fell J, Jones G. The epidemiology of sarcopenia in community living older adults: what role does lifestyle play? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2:125–134. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

249. Chan R, Woo J, Leung J. Effects of food groups and dietary nutrients on bone loss in elderly Chinese population. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15:287–294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

250. Nieves JW. Skeletal effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals, beyond calcium and vitamin D. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:771–786. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

251. de Jong A, Woods K, Van GL, Suresh M, Porteous M. Vitamin D insufficiency in osteoporotic hip fracture patients: rapid substitution therapy with high dose oral cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) Acta Orthop Belg. 2013;79:578–586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

252. Snijder MB, van Schoor NM, Pluijm SM, van Dam RM, Visser M, Lips P. Vitamin D status in relation to one-year risk of recurrent falling in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:2980–2985. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

253. Fulgoni VL., 3rd Current protein intake in America: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2004. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:1554S–1557S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

254. Houston DK, Nicklas BJ, Ding J, Harris TB, Tylavsky FA, Newman AB, et al. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:150–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

255. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Morley JE, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:542–559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

256. Paddon-Jones D, Leidy H. Dietary protein and muscle in older persons. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014;17:5–11. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

257. Devine A, Dick IM, Islam AF, Dhaliwal SS, Prince RL. Protein consumption is an important predictor of lower limb bone mass in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81:1423–1428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

258. Darling AL, Millward DJ, Torgerson DJ, Hewitt CE, Lanham-New SA. Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:1674–1692. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

259. Chaput JP, Lord C, Cloutier M, Aubertin LM, Goulet ED, Rousseau S, et al. Relationship between antioxidant intakes and class I sarcopenia in elderly men and women. J Nutr Health Aging. 2007;11:363–369. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

260. Robinson SM, Jameson KA, Batelaan SF, Martin HJ, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, et al. Diet and its relationship with grip strength in community-dwelling older men and women: the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:84–90. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

261. Semba RD, Blaum C, Guralnik JM, Moncrief DT, Ricks MO, Fried LP. Carotenoid and vitamin E status are associated with indicators of sarcopenia among older women living in the community. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2003;15:482–487. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

262. Alipanah N, Varadhan R, Sun K, Ferrucci L, Fried LP, Semba RD. Low serum carotenoids are associated with a decline in walking speed in older women. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:170–175. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

263. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, Dawson-Hughes B. Positive association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and bone mineral density: a population-based study of younger and older adults. Am J Med. 2004;116:634–639. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

264. Brincata M, Gambina J, Brincata M, Agiusa JC. The role of vitamin D in osteoporosis. Maturitas. 2015;80:329–332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

265. IOM (Institute of Medicine) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academic Press; 2011. [Google Scholar]

266. Beauchet O, Annweiler C, Verghese J, Fantino B, Herrmann FR, Allali G. Biology of gait control: vitamin D involvement. Neurology. 2011;76:1617–1622. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

267. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Giovannucci E, Dietrich T, Dawson-Hughes B. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Med Assoc. 2005;293:2257–2264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

268. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Borchers M, Gudat F, Durmuller U, Stahelin HB, Dick W. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:265–269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

269. Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P. Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5766–5772. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

270. Schulman RC, Weiss AJ, Mechanick JI. Nutrition, bone, and aging: an integrative physiology approach. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2011;9:184–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

271. Anderson JJ, Roggenkamp KJ, Suchindran CM. Calcium intakes and femoral and lumbar bone density of elderly U.S. men and women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006 analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:4531–4539. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

272. Reinders I, Song X, Visser M, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Sigurdsson S, et al. Plasma phospholipid PUFAs are associated with greater muscle and knee extension strength but not with changes in muscle parameters in older adults. J Nutr. 2015;145:105–112. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

273. Li F, Duan Y, Li Y, Tang Y, Geng M, Oladele OA, et al. Effects of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on fatty acid composition, free amino acid profile and gene expression of transporters in finishing pigs. Br J Nutr. 2015:1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

274. Salari P, Rezaie A, Larijani B, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of the impact of n-3 fatty acids in bone health and osteoporosis. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:RA37–RA44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

275. Jarvinen R, Tuppurainen M, Erkkila AT, Penttinen P, Karkkainen M, Salovaara K, et al. Associations of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids with bone mineral density in elderly women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66:496–503. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

276. Orchard TS, Pan X, Cheek F, Ing SW, Jackson RD. A systematic review of omega-3 fatty acids and osteoporosis. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:S253–S260. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

277. McKeag NA, McKinley MC, Woodside JV, Harbinson MT, McKeown PP. The role of micronutrients in heart failure. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:870–886. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

278. King D, Smith ML, Chapman TJ, Stockdale HR, Lye M. Fat malabsorption in elderly patients with cardiac cachexia. Age Ageing. 1996;25:144–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

279. Anker SD, Ponikowski P, Varney S, Chua TP, Clark AL, Webb-Peploe KM, et al. Wasting as independent risk factor for mortality in chronic heart failure. Lancet. 1997;349:1050–1053. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

280. Lennie TA, Moser DK, Heo S, Chung ML, Zambroski CH. Factors influencing food intake in patients with heart failure: a comparison with healthy elders. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2006;21:123–129. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

281. Andres E, Serraj K, Federici L, Vogel T, Kaltenbach G. Anemia in elderly patients: new insight into an old disorder. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13:519–527. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

282. Eisenstaedt R, Penninx BW, Woodman RC. Anemia in the elderly: current understanding and emerging concepts. Blood Rev. 2006;20:213–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

283. Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, Klein HG, Woodman RC. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood. 2004;104:2263–2268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

284. Smith DL. Anemia in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62:1565–1572. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

285. Andres E, Loukili NH, Noel E, Kaltenbach G, Abdelgheni MB, Perrin AE, et al. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency in elderly patients. CMAJ. 2004;171:251–259. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

286. Morley JE, Anker SD, Evans WJ. Cachexia and aging: an update based on the Fourth International Cachexia Meeting. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:47–55. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

287. Franceschi C, Campisi J. Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69:S4–S9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

288. Lesourd B, Mazari L. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:685–695. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

289. Wintergerst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51:301–323. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

290. Meydani SN, Leka LS, Fine BC, Dallal GE, Keusch GT, Singh MF, et al. Vitamin E and respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2004;292:828–836. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

291. Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311:1770–1773. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

292. Pae M, Meydani SN, Wu D. The role of nutrition in enhancing immunity in aging. Aging Dis. 2012;3:91–129. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

293. Meydani SN, Barnett JB, Dallal GE, Fine BC, Jacques PF, Leka LS, et al. Serum zinc and pneumonia in nursing home elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1167–1173. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

294. Sijben JW, Calder PC. Differential immunomodulation with long-chain n-3 PUFA in health and chronic disease. Proc Nutr Soc. 2007;66:237–259. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

295. Ahluwalia N. Aging, nutrition and immune function. J Nutr Health Aging. 2004;8:2–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

296. Fulop T, Pawelec G, Castle S, Loeb M. Immunosenescence and vaccination in nursing home residents. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:443–448. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

297. Arnold M, Barbul A. Nutrition and wound healing. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:42S–58S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

298. Stechmiller JK. Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25:61–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

299. Raynaud-Simon A. Virtual clinical nutrition university: Malnutrition in the elderly, epidemiology and consequences. e-SPEN, the European e-journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. 2009;4:e86–e89. [Google Scholar]

300. Stratton RJ, Ek AC, Engfer M, Moore Z, Rigby P, Wolfe R, et al. Enteral nutritional support in prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2005;4:422–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

301. Rasheed S, Woods RT. Malnutrition and quality of life in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2013;12:561–566. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

302. Sullivan DH, Sun S, Walls RC. Protein-energy undernutrition among elderly hospitalized patients: a prospective study. J Am Med Assoc. 1999;281:2013–2019. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

303. Covinsky KE, Martin GE, Beyth RJ, Justice AC, Sehgal AR, Landefeld CS. The relationship between clinical assessments of nutritional status and adverse outcomes in older hospitalized medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47:532–538. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

304. Payette H, Coulombe C, Boutier V, Gray-Donald K. Weight loss and mortality among free-living frail elders: a prospective study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999;54:M440–M445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

305. Feldblum I, German L, Castel H, Harman-Boehm I, Bilenko N, Eisinger M, et al. Characteristics of undernourished older medical patients and the identification of predictors for undernutrition status. Nutr J. 2007;6:37. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

306. Paillaud E, Herbaud S, Caillet P, Lejonc JL, Campillo B, Bories PN. Relations between undernutrition and nosocomial infections in elderly patients. Age Ageing. 2005;34:619–625. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

307. Schneider SM, Veyres P, Pivot X, Soummer AM, Jambou P, Filippi J, et al. Malnutrition is an independent factor associated with nosocomial infections. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:105–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

308. Potter J, Klipstein K, Reilly JJ, Roberts M. The nutritional status and clinical course of acute admissions to a geriatric unit. Age Ageing. 1995;24:131–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

309. Feldblum I, German L, Castel H, Harman-Boehm I, Shahar DR. Individualized nutritional intervention during and after hospitalization: the nutrition intervention study clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:10–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

310. Wallace JI, Schwartz RS, LaCroix AZ, Uhlmann RF, Pearlman RA. Involuntary weight loss in older outpatients: incidence and clinical significance. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:329–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

311. Sullivan DH, Walls RC, Lipschitz DA. Protein-energy undernutrition and the risk of mortality within 1 y of hospital discharge in a select population of geriatric rehabilitation patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:599–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

312. Herrmann FR, Safran C, Levkoff SE, Minaker KL. Serum albumin level on admission as a predictor of death, length of stay, and readmission. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:125–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

313. Bernstein M, Munoz N. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: food and nutrition for older adults: promoting health and wellness. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:1255–1277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

314. Raynaud-Simon A, Revel-Delhom C, Hebuterne X. Clinical practice guidelines from the French Health High Authority: nutritional support strategy in protein-energy malnutrition in the elderly. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:312–319. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

315. Bibas L, Levi M, Bendayan M, Mullie L, Forman DE, Afilalo J. Therapeutic interventions for frail elderly patients: part I. Published randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;57:134–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

316. Otten JJ, Pitzi Hellwig J, Meyers LD. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington D.C: National Academies Press; 2006. [Google Scholar]

317. EFSA. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibes. EFSA Journal. 2010;8:1462–1539. [Google Scholar]

318. EFSA. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal. 2010;8:1461–1568. [Google Scholar]

319. EFSA. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water. EFSA Journal. 2010;8:1459. [Google Scholar]

320. EFSA. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein. EFSA Journal. 2012;10:2557. [Google Scholar]

321. EFSA. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for energy. EFSA Journal. 2013;11:3005. [Google Scholar]

323. Boirie Y, Morio B, Caumon E, Cano NJ. Nutrition and protein energy homeostasis in elderly. Mech Ageing Dev. 2014;136–137:76–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

324. Deutz NE, Bauer JM, Barazzoni R, Biolo G, Boirie Y, Bosy-Westphal A, et al. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:929–936. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

325. Bouillanne O, Curis E, Hamon-Vilcot B, Nicolis I, Chretien P, Schauer N, et al. Impact of protein pulse feeding on lean mass in malnourished and at-risk hospitalized elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2013;32:186–192. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

326. de Groot CP, van Staveren WA. Nutritional concerns, health and survival in old age. Biogerontology. 2010;11:597–602. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

327. Toffanello ED, Inelmen EM, Minicuci N, Campigotto F, Sergi G, Coin A, et al. Ten-year trends in vitamin intake in free-living healthy elderly people: the risk of subclinical malnutrition. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15:99–103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

328. Mak TN, Caldeira S. Science and Policy Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. Publications Office of the European Union; 2014. The role of nutrition in active and healthy ageing for prevention and treatment of age-related diseases: evidence so far. [Google Scholar]

329. National Prescribing Centre. Prescribing of adult Oral Nutritional Supplements (ONS): guiding principles for improving the systems and processes for ONS use. 2012.

330. Schneyder A. Malnutrition and nutritional supplements. Aust Prescr. 2014;37:120–123. [Google Scholar]

331. Corkins MR, Guenter P, DiMaria-Ghalili RA, Jensen GL, Malone A, Miller S, et al. Malnutrition diagnoses in hospitalized patients: United States, 2010. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014;38:186–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

332. Hegerova P, Dedkova Z, Sobotka L. Early nutritional support and physiotherapy improved long-term self-sufficiency in acutely ill older patients. Nutrition. 2015;31:166–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

333. van Asselt DZ, van Bokhorst-de van der Schueren MA, van der Cammen TJ, Disselhorst LG, Janse A, Lonterman-Monasch S, et al. Assessment and treatment of malnutrition in Dutch geriatric practice: consensus through a modified Delphi study. Age Ageing. 2012;41:399–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

334. Chwang LC. Nutrition and dietetics in aged care. Nutr Diet. 2012;69:203–207. [Google Scholar]

335. Kozakova R, Jarosova D, Zelenikova R. Comparison of three screening tools for nutritional status assessment of the elderly in their homes. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2012;156:371–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

336. Huhmann MB, Perez V, Alexander DD, Thomas DR. A self-completed nutrition screening tool for community-dwelling older adults with high reliability: a comparison study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:339–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

337. Gariballa SE, Forster SJ. Dietary intake of older patients in hospital and at home: the validity of patient kept food diaries. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:102–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

338. Kraft M, van den Berg N, Kraft K, Schmekel S, Gartner S, Kruger J, et al. Development of a telemedical monitoring concept for the care of malnourished geriatric home-dwelling patients: a pilot study. Maturitas. 2012;72:126–131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

339. Lazaro JP, Fides A, Navarro A, Guillen S. Ambient Assisted Nutritional Advisor for elderly people living at home. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010;2010:198–203. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

340. Fukushima Y, Miyaguchi S, Yamano T, Kaburagi T, Iino H, Ushida K, et al. Improvement of nutritional status and incidence of infection in hospitalised, enterally fed elderly by feeding of fermented milk containing probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 (NCC533) Br J Nutr. 2007;98:969–977. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

341. Iuliano S, Woods J, Robbins J. Consuming two additional serves of dairy food a day significantly improves energy and nutrient intakes in ambulatory aged care residents: a feasibility study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:509–513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

342. Barr SI, McCarron DA, Heaney RP, Dawson-Hughes B, Berga SL, Stern JS, et al. Effects of increased consumption of fluid milk on energy and nutrient intake, body weight, and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy older adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:810–817. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

343. Russell RM, Baik H, Kehayias JJ. Older men and women efficiently absorb vitamin B-12 from milk and fortified bread. J Nutr. 2001;131:291–293. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

344. Kwok T, Woo J, Kwan M. Does low lactose milk powder improve the nutritional intake and nutritional status of frail older Chinese people living in nursing homes? J Nutr Health Aging. 2001;5:17–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

345. Keane EM, O'Broin S, Kelleher B, Coakley D, Walsh JB. Use of folic acid-fortified milk in the elderly population. Gerontology. 1998;44:336–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

346. Keane EM, Healy M, O'Moore R, Coakley D, Walsh JB. Vitamin D-fortified liquid milk: benefits for the elderly community-based population. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998;62:300–302. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

347. Makino S, Ikegami S, Kume A, Horiuchi H, Sasaki H, Orii N. Reducing the risk of infection in the elderly by dietary intake of yoghurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp, bulgaricus OLL1073R-1. Br J Nutr. 2010;104:998–1006. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

348. Guillemard E, Tondu F, Lacoin F, Schrezenmeir J. Consumption of a fermented dairy product containing the probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 reduces the duration of respiratory infections in the elderly in a randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2010;103:58–68. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

349. Fujita R, Iimuro S, Shinozaki T, Sakamaki K, Uemura Y, Takeuchi A, et al. Decreased duration of acute upper respiratory tract infections with daily intake of fermented milk: a multicenter, double-blinded, randomized comparative study in users of day care facilities for the elderly population. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41:1231–1235. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

350. Lahtinen SJ, Forssten S, Aakko J, Granlund L, Rautonen N, Salminen S, et al. Probiotic cheese containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM(R) modifies subpopulations of fecal lactobacilli and Clostridium difficile in the elderly. Age (Dordr) 2012;34:133–143. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

351. Matsumoto M, Benno Y. Anti-inflammatory metabolite production in the gut from the consumption of probiotic yogurt containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp, lactis LKM512. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006;70:1287–1292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

352. Matsumoto M, Ohishi H, Benno Y. Impact of LKM512 yogurt on improvement of intestinal environment of the elderly. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2001;31:181–186. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

353. Boge T, Remigy M, Vaudaine S, Tanguy J, Bourdet-Sicard R, van der Werf S. A probiotic fermented dairy drink improves antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly in two randomised controlled trials. Vaccine. 2009;27:5677–5684. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

354. Vidal K, Bucheli P, Gao Q, Moulin J, Shen LS, Wang J, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary supplementation with a milk-based wolfberry formulation in healthy elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rejuvenation Res. 2012;15:89–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

355. Freeman SL, Fisher L, German JB, Leung PS, Prince H, Selmi C, et al. Dairy proteins and the response to pneumovax in senior citizens: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1190:97–103. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

356. Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, Goodman AL, Gordon JI. Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature. 2011;474:327–336. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

357. Bonjour JP, Kraenzlin M, Levasseur R, Warren M, Whiting S. Dairy in adulthood: from foods to nutrient interactions on bone and skeletal muscle health. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;32:251–263. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

358. McCabe LD, Martin BR, McCabe GP, Johnston CC, Weaver CM, Peacock M. Dairy intakes affect bone density in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1066–1074. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

359. Bonjour JP, Benoit V, Pourchaire O, Ferry M, Rousseau B, Souberbielle JC. Inhibition of markers of bone resorption by consumption of vitamin D and calcium-fortified soft plain cheese by institutionalised elderly women. Br J Nutr. 2009;102:962–966. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

360. Johnson JL, Mistry VV, Vukovich MD, Hogie-Lorenzen T, Hollis BW, Specker BL. Bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified process cheese and effects on vitamin D status in the elderly. J Dairy Sci. 2005;88:2295–2301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

361. Chevalley T, Hoffmeyer P, Bonjour JP, Rizzoli R. Early serum IGF-I response to oral protein supplements in elderly women with a recent hip fracture. Clin Nutr. 2010;29:78–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

362. Beasley JM, Gunter MJ, LaCroix AZ, Prentice RL, Neuhouser ML, Tinker LF, et al. Associations of serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 levels with biomarker-calibrated protein, dairy product and milk intake in the Women's Health Initiative. Br J Nutr. 2014;111:847–853. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

363. Rodondi A, Ammann P, Ghilardi-Beuret S, Rizzoli R. Zinc increases the effects of essential amino acids-whey protein supplements in frail elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:491–497. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

364. Rizzoli R, Boonen S, Brandi ML, Bruyere O, Cooper C, Kanis JA, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal women: a 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29:305–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

365. Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291:E381–E387. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

366. Radavelli-Bagatini S, Zhu K, Lewis JR, Dhaliwal SS, Prince RL. Association of dairy intake with body composition and physical function in older community-dwelling women. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113:1669–1674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

367. Bjorkman MP, Pilvi TK, Kekkonen RA, Korpela R, Tilvis RS. Similar effects of leucine rich and regular dairy products on muscle mass and functions of older polymyalgia rheumatica patients: a randomized crossover trial. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15:462–467. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

368. Engelen MP, De Castro CL, Rutten EP, Wouters EF, Schols AM, Deutz NE. Enhanced anabolic response to milk protein sip feeding in elderly subjects with COPD is associated with a reduced splanchnic extraction of multiple amino acids. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:616–624. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

369. Jonker R, Deutz NE, Erbland ML, Anderson PJ, Engelen MP. Hydrolyzed casein and whey protein meals comparably stimulate net whole-body protein synthesis in COPD patients with nutritional depletion without an additional effect of leucine co-ingestion. Clin Nutr. 2014;33:211–220. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

370. Sairanen U, Piirainen L, Nevala R, Korpela R. Yoghurt containing galacto-oligosaccharides, prunes and linseed reduces the severity of mild constipation in elderly subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61:1423–1428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

371. Rajala SA, Salminen SJ, Seppanen JH, Vapaatalo H. Treatment of chronic constipation with lactitol sweetened yoghurt supplemented with guar gum and wheat bran in elderly hospital in-patients. Compr Gerontol A. 1988;2:83–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

372. Nagata S, Asahara T, Ohta T, Yamada T, Kondo S, Bian L, et al. Effect of the continuous intake of probiotic-fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota on fever in a mass outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis and the faecal microflora in a health service facility for the aged. Br J Nutr. 2011;106:549–556. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

373. Petersson LG, Magnusson K, Hakestam U, Baigi A, Twetman S. Reversal of primary root caries lesions after daily intake of milk supplemented with fluoride and probiotic lactobacilli in older adults. Acta Odontol Scand. 2011;69:321–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

374. Ivey KL, Lewis JR, Hodgson JM, Zhu K, Dhaliwal SS, Thompson PL, et al. Association between yogurt, milk, and cheese consumption and common carotid artery intima-media thickness and cardiovascular disease risk factors in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94:234–239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

375. Griep MI, Mets TF, Massart DL. Effects of flavour amplification of Quorn and yoghurt on food preference and consumption in relation to age, BMI and odour perception. Br J Nutr. 2000;83:105–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

376. Biesalski HK. Meat as a component of a healthy diet - are there any risks or benefits if meat is avoided in the diet? Meat Sci. 2005;70:509–524. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

377. Pedersen AN, Cederholm T. Health effects of protein intake in healthy elderly populations: a systematic literature review. Food Nutr Res. 2014;58 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

378. Lopez MA, Martos FC. Iron availability: An updated review. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2004;55 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

379. Hurrell RF, Reddy MB, Juillerat M, Cook JD. Meat protein fractions enhance nonheme iron absorption in humans. J Nutr. 2006;136 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

380. Ball MJ, Bartlett MA. Dietary intake and iron status of Australian vegetarian women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

381. Watanabe F, Katsura H, Takenaka S, Enomoto T, Miyamoto E, Nakatsuka T, et al. Characterization of vitamin B12 compounds from edible shellfish, clam, oyster, and mussel. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2001;52:263–268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

382. Ortigues-Marty I, Thomas E, Preveraud DP, Girard CL, Bauchart D, Durand D, et al. Influence of maturation and cooking treatments on the nutritional value of bovine meats: Water losses and vitamin B12. Meat Sci. 2006;73 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

383. Pourkhalili A, Mirlohi M, Rahimi E. Heme iron content in lamb meat is differentially altered upon boiling, grilling, or frying as assessed by four distinct analytical methods. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013:2013. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

384. Dardevet D, Remond D, Peyron MA, Papet I, Savary-Auzeloux I, Mosoni L. Muscle wasting and resistance of muscle anabolism: the ‘anabolic threshold concept’ for adapted nutritional strategies during sarcopenia. ScientificWorldJournal. 2012:2012. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

385. Arnal MA, Mosoni L, Boirie Y, Houlier ML, Morin L, Verdier E, et al. Protein pulse feeding improves protein retention in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

386. Dangin M, Guillet C, Garcia-Rodenas C, Gachon P, Bouteloup-Demange C, Reiffers-Magnani K, et al. The rate of protein digestion affects protein gain differently during aging in humans. J Physiol. 2003;549:635–644. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

387. Symons TB, Sheffield-Moore M, Wolfe RR, Paddon-Jones D. A moderate serving of high-quality protein maximally stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly subjects. J Am Diet Assoc. 2009;109:1582–1586. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

388. Phillips SM. Nutrient-rich meat proteins in offsetting age-related muscle loss. Meat Sci. 2012;92:174–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

389. Bax ML, Buffiere C, Hafnaoui N, Gaudichon C, Savary-Auzeloux I, Dardevet D, et al. Effects of meat cooking, and of ingested amount, on protein digestion speed and entry of residual proteins into the colon: a study in minipigs. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e61252. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

390. Pennings B, Groen BB, van Dijk JW, de Lange A, Kiskini A, Kuklinski M, et al. Minced beef is more rapidly digested and absorbed than beef steak, resulting in greater postprandial protein retention in older men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98:121–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

391. Bauchart C, Savary-Auzeloux I, Patureau Mirand P, Thomas E, Morzel M, Remond D. Carnosine concentration of ingested meat affects carnosine net release into the portal vein of minipigs. J Nutr. 2007;137:589–593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

392. Guiotto A, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Borin G. Carnosine and carnosine-related antioxidants: a review. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:2293–2315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

393. Hobart LJ, Seibel I, Yeargans GS, Seidler NW. Anti-crosslinking properties of carnosine: significance of histidine. Life Sci. 2004;75:1379–1389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

394. Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, Liu KS, Yin MC. Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005;513:145–150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

395. Hipkiss AR. Could carnosine or related structures suppress Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis. 2007;11:229–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

396. Hipkiss AR. Would carnosine or a carnivorous diet help suppress aging and associated pathologies? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1067:369–374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

397. Szczesniak D, Budzen S, Kopec W, Rymaszewska J. Anserine and carnosine supplementation in the elderly: Effects on cognitive functioning and physical capacity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59:485–490. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

398. Calder PC. Fatty acids and inflammation: the cutting edge between food and pharma. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;668:S50–S58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

399. Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Deschamps V, Peres K, Dartigues JF, Renaud S. Fish, meat, and risk of dementia: cohort study. BMJ. 2002;325:932–933. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

400. Cunnane SC, Plourde M, Pifferi F, Begin M, Feart C, Barberger-Gateau P. Fish, docosahexaenoic acid and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Lipid Res. 2009;48:239–256. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

401. Berr C, Akbaraly T, Arnaud J, Hininger I, Roussel AM, Barberger GP. Increased selenium intake in elderly high fish consumers may account for health benefits previously ascribed to omega-3 fatty acids. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:14–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

402. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Wilson RS, et al. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2003;60:940–946. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

403. Gonzalez S, Huerta JM, Fernandez S, Patterson AM, Lasheras C. The relationship between dietary lipids and cognitive performance in an elderly population. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2010;61:217–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

404. Kesse-Guyot E, Peneau S, Ferry M, Jeandel C, Hercberg S, Galan P. Thirteen-year prospective study between fish consumption, long-chain n-3 fatty acids intakes and cognitive function. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15:115–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

405. Baierle M, Vencato PH, Oldenburg L, Bordignon S, Zibetti M, Trentini CM, et al. Fatty acid status and its relationship to cognitive decline and homocysteine levels in the elderly. Nutrients. 2014;6:3624–3640. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

406. Sinn N, Milte CM, Street SJ, Buckley JD, Coates AM, Petkov J, et al. Effects of n-3 fatty acids, EPA v. DHA, on depressive symptoms, quality of life, memory and executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:1682–1693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

407. Lee LK, Shahar S, Chin AV, Yusoff NA. Docosahexaenoic acid-concentrated fish oil supplementation in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI): a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013;225:605–612. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

408. Panagiotakos DB, Zeimbekis A, Boutziouka V, Economou M, Kourlaba G, Toutouzas P, et al. Long-term fish intake is associated with better lipid profile, arterial blood pressure, and blood glucose levels in elderly people from Mediterranean islands (MEDIS epidemiological study) Med Sci Monit. 2007;13:CR307–CR312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

409. Fan F, Xue WQ, Wu BH, He MG, Xie HL, Ouyang WF, et al. Higher fish intake is associated with a lower risk of hip fractures in Chinese men and women: a matched case-control study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e56849. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

410. Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos D, Skoumas J, Lazaros G, Oikonomou E, et al. Long-term fish intake preserves kidney function in elderly individuals: the Ikaria study. J Ren Nutr. 2013;23:e75–e82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

411. Bountziouka V, Polychronopoulos E, Zeimbekis A, Papavenetiou E, Ladoukaki E, Papairakleous N, et al. Long-term fish intake is associated with less severe depressive symptoms among elderly men and women: the MEDIS (MEDiterranean ISlands Elderly) epidemiological study. J Aging Health. 2009;21:864–880. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

412. Iwasaki M, Yoshihara A, Moynihan P, Watanabe R, Taylor GW, Miyazaki H. Longitudinal relationship between dietary omega-3 fatty acids and periodontal disease. Nutrition. 2010;26:1105–1109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

413. Samieri C, Lorrain S, Buaud B, Vaysse C, Berr C, Peuchant E, et al. Relationship between diet and plasma long-chain n-3 PUFAs in older people: impact of apolipoprotein E genotype. J Lipid Res. 2013;54:2559–2567. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

414. Dewettinck K, Van Bockstaele F, Kühne B, Van de Walle D, Courtens TM, Gellynck X. Nutritional value of bread: Influence of processing, food interaction and consumer perception. J Cereal Sci. 2008;48:243–257. [Google Scholar]

415. EC. Commission Regulation (EU) 432/2012. Official Journal of the European Union. 2012.

416. EC. Commission Regulation (EU) No 40/2014. Official Journal of the European Union. 2014.

417. FDA. Code of Federal Regulations. Health claims: Fiber-contaning grain products, fruits and vegetables and cancer. Vol. 2. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring, MD, USA: 2008. [Google Scholar]

418. FDA. Code of Federal Regulations. Health claims: Fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain fiber, particularly soluble fiber, and risk of coronary heart disease. Vol. 2. Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring, MD, USA: 2008. [Google Scholar]

419. Lattimer JM, Haub MD. Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health. Nutrients. 2010;2:1266–1289. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

420. Tucker LA, Thomas KS. Increasing total fiber intake reduces risk of weight and fat gains in women. J Nutr. 2009;139:576–581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

421. Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR, Jr, Slavin J, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:921–930. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

422. Park Y, Brinton LA, Subar AF, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A. Dietary fiber intake and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:664–671. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

423. Streppel MT, Ocke MC, Boshuizen HC, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Dietary fiber intake in relation to coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality over 40 y: the Zutphen Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1119–1125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

424. Sahyoun NR, Jacques PF, Zhang XL, Juan W, McKeown NM. Whole-grain intake is inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome and mortality in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:124–131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

425. Tovar J, Nilsson A, Johansson M, Bjorck I. Combining functional features of whole-grain barley and legumes for dietary reduction of cardiometabolic risk: a randomised cross-over intervention in mature women. Br J Nutr. 2014;111:706–714. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

426. Fechner A, Kiehntopf M, Jahreis G. The formation of short-chain fatty acids is positively associated with the blood lipid-lowering effect of lupin kernel fiber in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults. J Nutr. 2014;144:599–607. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

427. Story JA, Furumoto EJ, Buhman KK. Dietary fiber and bile acid metabolism--an update. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1997;427:259–266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

428. Esposito K, Nappo F, Giugliano F, Di PC, Ciotola M, Barbieri M, et al. Meal modulation of circulating interleukin 18 and adiponectin concentrations in healthy subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78:1135–1140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

429. Ma Y, Griffith JA, Chasan-Taber L, Olendzki BC, Jackson E, Stanek EJ, III, et al. Association between dietary fiber and serum C-reactive protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:760–766. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

430. Cauvain SP. How much more bread research do we need. Getreidetechnologie. 2004;58:364–366. [Google Scholar]

431. Martin P. Controlling the bread making process: the role of bubbles in bread. Cereals Foods World. 2004;49:72–75. [Google Scholar]

433. Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K. Phytochemicals suppress nuclear factor-kappaB signaling: impact on health span and the aging process. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012;15:23–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

434. Desideri G, Kwik-Uribe C, Grassi D, Necozione S, Ghiadoni L, Mastroiacovo D, et al. Benefits in cognitive function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance through cocoa flavanol consumption in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) study. Hypertension. 2012;60:794–801. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

435. Krikorian R, Boespflug EL, Fleck DE, Stein AL, Wightman JD, Shidler MD, et al. Concord grape juice supplementation and neurocognitive function in human aging. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60:5736–5742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

436. Witte AV, Kerti L, Margulies DS, Floel A. Effects of resveratrol on memory performance, hippocampal functional connectivity, and glucose metabolism in healthy older adults. J Neurosci. 2014;34:7862–7870. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

437. Gauthier S, Schlaefke S. Efficacy and tolerability of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R) in dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:2065–2077. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

438. Kim H, Suzuki T, Saito K, Yoshida H, Kojima N, Kim M, et al. Effects of exercise and tea catechins on muscle mass, strength and walking ability in community-dwelling elderly Japanese sarcopenic women: a randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13:458–465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

439. Sathyapalan T, Beckett S, Rigby AS, Mellor DD, Atkin SL. High cocoa polyphenol rich chocolate may reduce the burden of the symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome. Nutr J. 2010;9:55. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

440. Ebihara S, Maruyama Y, Ebihara T, Oshiro T, Kohzuki M. Red wine polyphenols and swallowing reflex in dysphagia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2010;10:329–330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

441. Tai TY, Tsai KS, Tu ST, Wu JS, Chang CI, Chen CL, et al. The effect of soy isoflavone on bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women with bone loss: a 2-year randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:1571–1580. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

442. Lappe J, Kunz I, Bendik I, Prudence K, Weber P, Recker R, et al. Effect of a combination of genistein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins D3 and K1 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52:203–215. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

443. Welch AA, Hardcastle AC. The effects of flavonoids on bone. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2014;12:205–210. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

444. McKay DL, Chen CY, Zampariello CA, Blumberg JB. Flavonoids and phenolic acids from cranberry juice are bioavailable and bioactive in healthy older adults. Food Chem. 2015;168:233–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

445. Egert S, Wolffram S, Schulze B, Langguth P, Hubbermann EM, Schwarz K, et al. Enriched cereal bars are more effective in increasing plasma quercetin compared with quercetin from powder-filled hard capsules. Br J Nutr. 2012;107:539–546. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

446. Keller M. Maintaining oral hydration in older adults living in residential aged care facilities. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2006;4:68–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

447. Ramsay DJ. The importance of thirst in maintenance of fluid balance. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;3:371–391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

448. Godfrey H, Cloete J, Dymond E, Long A. An exploration of the hydration care of older people: a qualitative study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012;49:1200–1211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

449. Hooper L, Bunn D, Jimoh FO, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Water-loss dehydration and aging. Mech Ageing Dev. 2014;136–137:50–58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

450. Ahmed T, Haboubi N. Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health. Clin Interv Aging. 2010;5:207–216. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

451. Schols JM, de Groot CP, van der Cammen TJ, Olde Rikkert MG. Preventing and treating dehydration in the elderly during periods of illness and warm weather. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:150–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

452. Scalbert A, Brennan L, Manach C, Andres-Lacueva C, Dragsted LO, Draper J, et al. The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:1286–1308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

453. Bartz S, Mody A, Hornik C, Bain J, Muehlbauer M, Kiyimba T, et al. Severe acute malnutrition in childhood: hormonal and metabolic status at presentation, response to treatment, and predictors of mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:2128–2137. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

454. Minekus M, Alminger M, Alvito P, Ballance S, Bohn T, Bourlieu C, et al. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food - an international consensus. Food Funct. 2014;5:1113–1124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Which change the GI tract with the nurse anticipate with aging?

Age-related changes in the stomach include degeneration of the gastric mucosa, decreased secretion of gastric acids and digestive enzymes, and decreased motility (Lewis et al, 2007). The stomach of an older adult is not able to accommodate large amounts of food because of decreased elasticity.

Which is an expected change associated with aging in the GI system quizlet?

A gastrointestinal change associated with aging is decreased gastric motility and peristalsis.

What effect does aging have on the gastrointestinal tract quizlet?

1. What effect does aging have on the gastrointestinal tract? >> Atrophy decreased in size of the villi in the small intestine may decrease the total absorptive surface. However, it has not been proven that the decreased absorption of nutrients, other than fats & vitamin B12, actually occurs.

Which is an age

Decreased peristalsis and decreased sensation to defecation lead to constipation and fecal impaction. Atrophy of gastric mucosa, decreased anal sphincter tone, and decreased blood flow to the stomach are also the changes associated with aging.