In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social Show
monitoring. discrimination. psychology. comparison. comparison. As children develop their sense of self in middle and late childhood, they are increasingly likely to define themselves in terms of ________________________ groups or alliances. For example, a boy might describe himself as a Cub Scout. social Brittany tells her sister, "I'm better in math than Vicky, but Tanya is much better than me." This is an example of __________ _________. Social comparison Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings? psychological adjustment cognitive inflexibility social comparison perspective taking perspective taking The term __________ __________ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image. Self Esteem Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of self-understanding. self-esteem. self-care. self-respect. self-understanding. Which of the following are aspects of the development of the self-understanding in middle and late childhood? Increased recognition of social aspects of self A general lack of ability to understand the intentions of others Increased skepticism about other's claims Increasing social comparison Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description Increased recognition of social aspects of self Increasing social comparison Increased use of psychological characteristics in self-description When elementary school children think about what they can do in comparison with others, they are involved in social identification. crisis. comparison. conflict. comparison. ________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state. Self-understanding Perspective taking Egoism Role reversal Perspective taking Donna perceives herself as a good person. She has high _______. self-esteem self-concept self-perception identity strength self-esteem In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social psychology. discrimination. monitoring. comparison. comparison. "I am a good football player" is a statement that refers to a person's self-______. reliance restraint control concept concept Ten-year-old Blake tells his classmate, "I know I can figure out this math problem if I work at it." Blake is demonstrating high self-esteem. self-achievement. self-efficacy. self-concept. self-efficacy. One important aspect of development in middle and late childhood is the ability to self-regulate, which is the ability to manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts. genuinely empathize with others. globally evaluate the self. make domain-specific evaluations of the self. manage behavior, emotions, and thoughts. Which of the statements is FALSE regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy. Children in middle and late childhood have improved their ability to suppress negative emotional reactions. Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Children in elementary school have an increased understanding of complex emotions. Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. Domain-specific evaluations of the self are known as ______. self-regulation self-esteem self-regard self-concept self-concept In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development? He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve. He did correlational research. He did experimental research on a large group of children and studied their moral preferences. He performed natural observation. He interviewed children, giving them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve. The development of self-_____________________ , in middle and late childhood allows the development of social competence and achievement to occur. regulation According to Bandura, the concept of __________ ____________ is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. (Watch your spelling!) self or self efficacy Nine-year-old Aaron used to get really angry with his classmates, but that is not the case now. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to ______. have a capacity for genuine empathy experience more than one emotion in a particular situation suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions redirect feelings suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions The theorist who developed a theory of moral development that involved three levels was Bandura. Piaget. Kohlberg. Erikson. Kohlberg According to Kohlberg's model of moral thinking, development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others into consideration and then get them to change their views. and to experience conflict between one's current stage and higher-stage reasoning. into consideration without modifying one's own perspective. and experience the realization that all viewpoints and behaviors are equally moral. and to experience conflict between one's current stage and higher-stage reasoning. What are the three levels of moral thinking according to Kohlberg? Past conventional Preconventional Postconventional Conventional Unconventional Preconventional Postconventional Conventional According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by ______ internalization. partial intermediate full no no _________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Conventional Select all that apply Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which TWO of the following factors? Experiencing a life-changing traumatic event Taking on the perspectives of others Learning better emotional coping strategies Experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level Taking on the perspectives of others Experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level _________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Postconventional, Post conventional, or Post-conventional True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person. True True Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation. preconventional Moral reasoning is primarily interpreted in terms of conventional Moral judgments are based on law and social order. postconventional Moral judgments are based on universal human ... _______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg. Conventional Unconventional Preconventional Postconventional Preconventional According to Kohlberg, people in the _____ reasoning stage of moral development abide by the internal standards of others. (Make sure to spell correctly!) postconventional preconventional conventional conventional In the postconventional reasoning level, morality is more valid. effective. internal. external. internal. According to Kohlberg, development of ______ is not ensured by a child's advances in cognitive development. social stimulation emotional stability moral reasoning cultural sensitivity moral reasoning Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. He developed only eight stages of development across the life span, and many think this is too few. He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account. He concerned himself too much with the care perspective. He based the theory on hypothetical moral situations, which is not the same as moral behavior. He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account. Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because it places too much emphasis on moral __________ and not enough on moral ___________. thought, reasoning, or thinking True or false: Kohlberg believes that the give and take among peers gives children an opportunity to identify the perspective of another person. True False True What is a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory? There are not enough stages in his theory of moral development. There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior. His theory emphasizes relationships rather than abstract principles. His stage of industry versus inferiority does not adequately explain what occurs in middle and late childhood. There is too much emphasis on moral thought, not moral behavior. Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and because the theory of moral reasoning places too much emphasis on connectedness and concern for others. the theory of moral reasoning is based on eight stages of development that occur over the lifetime. the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do. the theory of moral reasoning does not account for the actions of extremists. the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do. True or false: Although Kohlberg's approach does capture much of the moral reasoning voiced in various cultures around the world, his approach fails to capture important moral concepts in particular cultures. True False True According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is the most influential factor. more important than peer relations. equally important as peer relations. not as important as peer relations. not as important as peer relations. Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's ____________ perspective of moral development and argued for a _______________ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others. justice Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning have not been found in all cultures? Level 2 Level 3 Level 1 Level 3 Carol Gilligan's ______ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. connectedness relationship care social care Kohlberg argued that family processes are _______ in children's moral development. essentially unimportant totally unimportant essentially unimportant In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan developed a __________ perspective in regard to moral reasoning. care Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning has been criticized because moral reasons can sometimes hide immoral behavior and because the theory of moral reasoning is based on eight stages of development that occur over the lifetime. the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do. the theory of moral reasoning does not account for the actions of extremists. the theory of moral reasoning places too much emphasis on connectedness and concern for others. the theory of moral reasoning is based on what people self-report rather than what they actually do. Which concept of moral development states that children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience? Justice perspective Kohlberg's theory Care perspective Domain theory Domain theory In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, Gilligan's __________ perspective views people and their moral reasoning in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. care ______ focuses on rules that have been established by consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system. Personal reasoning Social conventional reasoning Moral conventional reasoning Social role theory Social conventional reasoning In the __________ theory of moral development, children's and adolescents' moral, social conventional, and personality knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience. domain ______ reasoning focuses on ethical issues and rules of right and wrong. Social conventional Domain Moral Personal Moral Social conventional reasoning asserts that conventional rules are obligatory and can be changed by consensus. arbitrary and cannot be changed. arbitrary and can be changed by consensus. obligatory and cannot be changed. arbitrary and can be changed by consensus. The study of ______ behavior puts more emphasis on the behavioral aspects of moral development. universal prosocial conventional justice-seeking prosocial Moral reasoning asserts that rules are arbitrary, achieved by consensus, changeable. obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal. obligatory, achieved by consensus, and somewhat personal. arbitrary, widely accepted, and somewhat personal. obligatory, widely accepted, and somewhat impersonal. Behaving in a manner that violates one's moral identity places the ______ of the self at risk. viability existence integrity safety integrity True or false: Prosocial behavior occurs more often in childhood than in adolescence. True False False Moral character involves which of the following components? Having the integrity to stand up to pressure Influencing the morality of others Showing dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness Overcoming distractions and disappointments Having the integrity to stand up to pressure Showing dependability, loyalty, and conscientiousness Overcoming distractions and disappointments Individuals have a moral ______ when moral notions and commitments are central to their life. character being identity personality identity Why should moral exemplars be studied? to be able to characterize the difference between men's morals and women's morals to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development to be able to understand why children sometimes conduct immoral behaviors, like lying to be able to understand people who seem to have no morals to be able to characterize the ideal endpoint of moral development Moral _________ involves having the willpower, desire, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally. character Five-year-old Billy should like to rough-house and play with trucks, while his twin sister, Becky, is supposed to be kind to others and enjoy playing with dolls. These are examples of gender ______. concepts regulations stereotypes androgyny stereotypes Select all that apply Moral exemplars are people who have moral ______. character identity virtues judgments character identity virtues Compared to men, women have about ______ the body fat. half three times four times twice twice A broad category that reflects generalizations and widely held beliefs about females and males is known as a gender stereotype. heteronomous morality. care perspective. gender similarity. gender stereotype. Research has revealed ______ gender differences in general intellectual ability. no some significant specific no The term __________ __________ describes harming someone by manipulating a relationship. (Watch your spelling.) relational or relaional Girls are usually more __________ (physically/verbally) aggressive than boys. verbally Regarding the development of mental and physical disorders, which statements are true according to the textbook? Women are more likely than men to develop mental disorders. Women and men are equally as likely to develop mental disorders. Women are more likely than men to develop physical disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders. Women and men are equally as likely to develop physical disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop mental disorders. Men are more likely than women to develop physical disorders. True or false: Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems. True False True Research has shown that in general, girls and women have ______ verbal skills than boys and men. much worse much better slightly worse slightly better slightly better Dr. Johnson is interested in behaviors in children that involve trying to make others dislike someone by spreading malicious rumors about them. She is interested in the research area of _____ aggression, which occurs more among ______. relational; boys physical; girls physical; boys relational; girls relational; girls Boys are consistently more ______ aggressive than girls physically Which of the following statements are accurate regarding gender differences in emotion? Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys. Girls are better at decoding emotions than boys. Boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls. Girls are more likely to show less self-regulation than boys. Girls are more likely to express their emotions openly and intensely than boys. Girls are better at decoding emotions than boys. Boys are more likely to show less self-regulation than girls. Select all that apply What does the discipline situation between parents and children ages 5 to 12 typically involves? Appeals to the child's self-esteem Statements that the child is responsible for his or her actions Removal of privileges for the child Physical discipline for the child Appeals to the child's self-esteem Statements that the child is responsible for his or her actions Removal of privileges for the child
Select all that apply What does the role of parents as managers involve? Giving orders and making sure they are followed Monitoring and encouraging academic progress Structuring the family environment Directing every aspect of the child's life Setting up routines and schedules Monitoring and encouraging academic progress Structuring the family environment Setting up routines and schedules Select all that apply In middle and late childhood, secure attachment is associated with which of the following? Lower levels of anxiety Lower levels of emotional regulation Lower levels of depression Lower level of internalized symptoms Lower levels of anxiety Lower levels of depression Lower level of internalized symptoms In a(n) __________ stepfamily structure, otherwise known as a complex stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily. blended Jane has three children. Joey is 12, Jake is 5, and Jaedyn is 2 years old. Jane spends less time with the older two children. Her role for the oldest children is that of a gatekeeper. nurturer. naturalist. contender. gatekeeper In middle and late childhood, parents begin to function more as friends. managers. disciplinarians. peers. managers Studies have shown that insecure attachment is likely to result in greater ______ during middle and late childhood. anxiety self-regulation confidence independence anxiety Which of the following are the THREE most common types of stepfamily structures? Stepfather Integrated Stepmother Blended Simple Stepfather In terms of developmental changes in peer interaction, children's preference for same-sex peer groups increases until the age of 12. 8. 10. 14. 12. Developmentalists have distinguished five ____________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial. peer or sociometric In middle and late childhood, the development of which of the following provides children with information about their peers and peer relationships? Moral reasoning Self-esteem Social cognition Self-concept Social cognition Because learning occurs during give and take, as children move through elementary school peer status becomes increasingly important. peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important. peer reciprocity becomes less important. peer status becomes less important. peer reciprocity becomes increasingly important. Which type of bullying is a new source of concern? Classroom bullying Cyberbullying Schoolyard bullying Sibling bullying Cyberbullying Select all that apply Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity? Controversial Bullying Average Rejected Popular Neglected Controversial While having friends can be fun for children, it is not an important part of their development. True False False School has a ______ influence on children's development. limited moderate profound slight profound True or false: Children's social cognition about their peers becomes increasingly important for understanding peer relationships in middle and late childhood. True False True Peer bullying and harassment on the Internet is known as ____________________________ . ... Select all that apply Which of the following are contemporary approaches to student learning? Constructivist Socioemotional Social cognitive Direct instruction Constructivist Direct instruction Select all that apply What do friendships in childhood often have in similarity? Achievement orientations Cultural heritage Educational aspirations Attitudes toward school Achievement orientations Educational aspirations Attitudes toward school By the time students graduate from high school, they will have spent ______ hours in the classroom. 6,000 24,000 18,000 12,000 12,000
Select all that apply Which of the following family problems contribute to lower achievement among low-income students? Parents who don't set high educational standards Family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences Siblings who overachieve in school and monopolize family resources Parents who can't read Parents who don't set high educational standards Family's lack of money for educational materials and experiences Parents who can't read Two contemporary approaches to student learning are the ______ approach (a structured, teacher-centered approach), and the constructivist approach (a learner-centered approach). indirect instruction deconstructivist direct instruction authoritarian direct instruction Compared with schools in higher-income areas, schools in low-income areas are more likely to encourage ______ learning. rote experiential creative service rote The longer children experienced poverty, according to one study, the more detrimental the poverty was to their cognitive development. desire to have high-quality education. relationships with peers. cognitive development. According to Carol Dweck, by emphasizing hard work and determination rather than innate ability, parents and teachers can positively influence a child's self-talk. fixation. self-esteem. mindset. mindset. Select all that apply Which of the following are possible disadvantages of schools in low-income areas? They are more likely to encourage rote learning. They are more likely to have older teachers. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. They are more likely to encourage rote learning. They may have environments that aren't conducive to learning. They are more likely to have low achievement test scores. The buildings are more likely to be older and in disrepair. Dweck (2006) described what she called the ____________ mindset, in which children believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change. fixed or fixed mindset Dweck (2006) described the importance of children's ___________ , which she defined as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves. mindset Micaela believes she is not doing well in science because she is simply not good in science, and that any effort she makes would be wasted. She is exhibiting a ______ mindset. growth flexible trapped fixed fixed Which of the following is the leading cause of death during middle and late childhood?Accidents (unintentional injuries) are, by far, the leading cause of death among children and teens.
Which of the following is true of autonomy in middle and late childhood multiple choice question?Which of the following is true of autonomy in middle and late childhood? A major shift occurs, as children become completely autonomous.
Which of the following is the most effective strategy for preventing accidents and injuries in middle late childhood?Which of the following is the MOST effective strategy for preventing accidents and injuries in middle/late childhood? Educating children about proper equipment use and the hazards of risk-taking behaviors.
Why was Kandice Sumner able attend a more affluent school than the other children in her neighborhood when she was a child?Why was Kandice Sumner able attend a more affluent school than the other children in her neighborhood when she was a child? She participated in a voluntary bussing program aimed at desegregating schools.
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Which of Kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning is most likely to be seen during middle late childhood?
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