Hyperglycemia means high levels of blood sugar, also known as blood glucose. Over time, it can cause major health complications in people with diabetes. Show
Several factors can contribute to hyperglycemia, including dietary choices and a sedentary lifestyle. Regular blood glucose testing is crucial for people with diabetes. This is because many people don’t feel the effects of hyperglycemia. Fasting hyperglycemia vs. postprandial (after-meal) hyperglycemiaThe World Health Organization explains that “normal” blood sugar readings range between70 and 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)while fasting, or not eating. Readings between100 and 125 mg/dLclassify as impaired fasting hyperglycemia. If you have two or more blood glucose tests performed in a fasting state that are at or above126 mg/dL, you may have diabetes. On the other hand, high blood sugar after eating is called postprandial, or after-meal, hyperglycemia. Your readings within a couple of hours after eating reflect how your body reacts to the foods you consume. According to a 2018 study, regular high blood sugar readings after meals or snacks may be an early sign of type 2 diabetes. There is also a relationship between fasting hyperglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia. In the same 2018 study, researchers explained that if a person has fasting hyperglycemia, they may also experience “markedly exaggerated” postprandial hyperglycemia. Symptoms of hyperglycemiaAccording to theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), target blood glucose levels for people with diabetes are typically:
Blood sugar levels that are higher than that may indicate uncontrolled diabetes. However, you may not feel the effects of hyperglycemia until your blood glucose levels are very high for an extended period of time. If you experience symptoms of hyperglycemia, it’s important that you check your blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia symptoms that may develop over several days or weeks include:
The longer the condition is left untreated, the more severe it may become. Long-term effects of hyperglycemia include:
When to contact a doctorDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) are two conditions caused by very high glucose levels. Contact a doctor if you suspect you’ve developed DKA or HHS. The hallmarks of DKA are elevated ketones, acidic substances in the blood and urine, and acidosis, a state where blood becomes acidic. According to a 2013 review, DKA is typically diagnosed in adults with a blood glucose level over 250 mg/dL. A 2015 study indicates that DKA is diagnosed in children with a blood glucose levelover 200 mg/dL. DKA generally occurs in people with type 1 diabetes and is less common with type 2 diabetes. However, not everyone with these blood glucose levels will have DKA. In addition to the usual symptoms of hyperglycemia, a person with DKA may also have:
People with HHS typically have a blood glucose level over 600 mg/dL, according to a 2017 review. In addition to excessive thirst and urination, symptoms may include:
Hyperglycemia causesA number of things can contribute to hyperglycemia, including:
Dawn phenomenonYou may experience regular episodes of high blood sugar in the early morning hours between 3 and 8 a.m., before you have eaten anything, according to the American Diabetes Association. This is called the dawn phenomenon, andresearcherssay it’s important to note your levels during this period of time. Why? The dawn phenomenon occurs due to higher levels of hormones like cortisol and growth hormone. These hormones signal the liver to make more glucose, so you have the energy that helps you wake up. If your levels are high, it may be because you have diabetes or your diabetes is not well managed. Risk factors for hyperglycemiaRisk factors for hyperglycemia include:
Treatment for hyperglycemiaSeveral treatments are available for hyperglycemia. Monitor your glucose levelsAn important part of managing your diabetes is checking your blood glucose levels often, such as before you eat, after you eat, or at bedtime. Then, record that number in a notebook, blood glucose log, or blood glucose tracking app so you and your doctor can monitor your treatment plan. Knowing when your blood glucose levels are getting out of your target range can help you get your blood glucose back on track before more significant complications arise. Get movingExercise is one of the best and most effective ways to keep your blood glucose levels where they should be and lower them if they get too high. If you’re on medications that increase insulin, talk with your doctor to determine the best times to exercise. If you have complications such as nerve or eye damage, ask your doctor which exercises might suit you best. An important note: If you have had diabetes for an extended period of time and are on insulin therapy, talk with your doctor to see if there are any exercises you should limit when your blood glucose levels are high. For example, the American Diabetes Association says that if your blood glucose level is above 240 mg/dL, your doctor may have you check your urine for ketones. Don’t exercise if you have ketones. According to the Diabetes Research Institute, your doctor may also tell you not to exercise if your blood glucose is above 250 mg/dL even without ketones. Exercising when ketones are in your body may cause your blood glucose level to rise even higher. While it’s rare for those with type 2 diabetes to experience this, it’s still best to be cautious. Analyze your eating habitsWork with a dietitian or nutritionist to construct a nutritious, interesting selection of meals that can help you manage your carbohydrate intake and prevent higher blood glucose levels. Diet plans you may want to explore include:
Evaluate your treatment planYou doctor may reevaluate your diabetes treatment plan based on your personal health history and your experiences with hyperglycemia. They may change the amount, type, or timing of your medication. Don’t adjust your medications without first talking with your doctor or diabetes educator. Complications of hyperglycemiaUntreated and chronic hyperglycemia can cause both minor and serious complications. Complications include:
Skin complicationsYou may experience a variety of skin issues when blood sugar levels are high. For example, your skin may be dry and itchy or you may find skin tags on your groin, armpit, or neck. Whether you’re diagnosed with diabetes, prediabetes, or you don’t have a diagnosis, you may encounter these skin issues and others, including:
Hyperglycemia may make it hard for the body to heal itself, leading to open sores, wounds, ulcers, and skin infections. You may notice these issues particularly on the feet. Nerve damageHigh blood sugar may also lead to diabetic neuropathy, which is a form of nerve damage. There are four different types:
According to theCDC, damage to the nerves develops slowly and may present as tingling, numbness, weakness, or sensitivity. You may also experience impaired function (for example, bladder leakage) or severe pain. Eye complicationsHyperglycemia can lead to issues with vision, including blindness, if not addressed promptly. You may not notice any issues with your vision right away, but high blood sugar levels can damage the blood vessels in the eyes, leading to swelling or blurry vision. Possible issues include:
HHSHHS is a rare condition that appears most often in older adults with type 2 diabetes. It may be accompanied by a trigger, such as an illness. When blood glucose levels are high, the kidneys excrete sugar into the urine, taking water with it. This causes the blood to become more concentrated, resulting in high sodium and blood glucose levels. Without treatment, HHS may lead to life threatening dehydration and even coma. Preventing hyperglycemiaA few lifestyle changes may help prevent you from developing hyperglycemia. Try the tips below:
When to contact a doctorSeek immediate medical attention if you experience symptoms of DKA or HHS, like:
Contact a doctor if your blood glucose readings are consistently high, whether in a fasting state or after meals. As well, let your doctor know if their recommended lifestyle measures are not making a difference in your readings. Make an appointment if you notice new or worsening issues with your vision or skin, or if you suspect you have nerve damage or other health issues that relate to high blood sugar. To prepare for your appointment:
Takeaway You probably won’t feel the effects of hyperglycemia right away. Over time, though, it can cause noticeable symptoms, such as thirstiness and excessive urination. If the hyperglycemia isn’t properly treated, you can even develop DKA or HHS. Both of these conditions are considered medical emergencies. Know the symptoms of hyperglycemia and these related conditions, and make it a habit to regularly check your blood glucose levels. Good diabetes management and careful monitoring of your blood glucose levels are both very effective means for preventing hyperglycemia or stopping it before it gets worse. Which are changes that occur in older adults quizlet?Increased rate of brain cell loss. Decreased level of neurotransmitter production. Decreased acuity of the auditory, vestibular, and visual systems. Vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch all decline.
Which physiological change is common in older adults?Physiological changes occur with aging in all organ systems. The cardiac output decreases, blood pressure increases and arteriosclerosis develops. The lungs show impaired gas exchange, a decrease in vital capacity and slower expiratory flow rates.
What are five physical changes the elderly experience?Bones, Muscles & Joints
As we age, our bones shrink in size and density. Some people actually become shorter! Others are more prone to fractures because of bone loss. Muscles, tendons, and joints may lose strength and flexibility. Exercise is a great way to slow or prevent the problems with bones, muscles and joints.
Which of the following is a normal age related change for the body quizlet?Which of the following is a NORMAL age-related change of the nervous system? There is a decline in brain weight and a reduction in blood flow to the brain. Stages III and IV sleep become less prominent. Nerve conduction velocity is lower, which causes slower reflexes and delayed response to multiple stimuli.
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