Which of the following best describes Landsmans argument in the last paragraph of the excerpt quizlet?

" That a british and american legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of america, be proposed and established in america, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present Constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever.That the said government be administered by a president general, to be appointed by the king and a grand council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years."
the key concern that Galloway's plan was designed to address was the

" That a british and american legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of america, be proposed and established in america, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present Constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever.
That the said government be administered by a president general, to be appointed by the king and a grand council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years."
the excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1774 which of the following was correct?

"Be it enacted ... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be
imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America ... in any ship or
bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations .... and navigated with the
masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only .. under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."
- English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696
one direct long -term effect of the navigation act was that it

table: value of selected goods exported to british north america from england
(money is in pounds)
good, pounds in year- 1699 year-1749
wool textiles 95,200 359,700
linen textiles 11,300 115,600
leather 14,200 12, 100
iron 25,300 110,000
other manufactures 79,500 125,400
cheese and foodstuffs 2,300 5,400

the table most directly suggests which of the following developments by 1749?

table: value of selected goods exported to british north america from england
(money is in pounds)
good, pounds in year- 1699 year-1749
wool textiles 95,200 359,700
linen textiles 11,300 115,600
leather 14,200 12, 100
iron 25,300 110,000
other manufactures 79,500 125,400
cheese and foodstuffs 2,300 5,400

the trend depicted in the table most directly contributed to which of the following developments in british north america?

table: value of selected goods exported to british north america from england
(money is in pounds)
good, pounds in year- 1699 year-1749
wool textiles 95,200 359,700
linen textiles 11,300 115,600
leather 14,200 12, 100
iron 25,300 110,000
other manufactures 79,500 125,400
cheese and foodstuffs 2,300 5,400

which of the following describes a trend in exports from england to british north america between 1699 and 1749 indicated in the table?

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a
coherent region at all. .
.. In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around
the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to
that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to
Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics...
"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and
topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-
regional and international commerce, and its strategIc importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized
around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior,
building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement.
"Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid- Ariantic as a region is the extent to which those
colonies shared a common history.
"'The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples.
The society of the Middle Colonies
surely was 'America's first plural society.
There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European
settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey and DelaWale were alf conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish:
Finnish, and many other populations already resident aY the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that
occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to
two by century's end, those of [Protestant) England and those of Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European
Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated,
some form of toleration.
• Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence."
which of the following best describes landsman's argument in the last paragraph of the excerpt?

"The existence of [colonial] subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a
coherent region at all. .
.. In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around
the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of [New York] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to
that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware were linked to
Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics...
"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and
topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-
regional and international commerce, and its strategIc importance in imperial competition. It was a region organized
around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior,
building upon trade routes that pre-dated European settlement.
"Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid- Ariantic as a region is the extent to which those
colonies shared a common history.
"'The most often-noted characteristic of the region was the diversity of its peoples.
The society of the Middle Colonies
surely was 'America's first plural society.
There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European
settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey and DelaWale were alf conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish:
Finnish, and many other populations already resident aY the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that
occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to
two by century's end, those of [Protestant) England and those of Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European
Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated,
some form of toleration.
• Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence."

which of the following describes Landsman's overall argument in the excerpt?

iT said everything to them I could to divert them from their idolatries, and draw them to a knowledge of God our Lord.
¡Mostezuma replied, the others assenting to what ho said, that thev had already informed me they were not the aborigines
of the country, but that their ancestors had emigrated to it many years ago; and they fully believed that after so long an
absence from their native land, they might have fallen into some errors, that I having more recently arrived must know
better than themselves what they ought to believe; and that if I would instruct them in these matters, and make them
understand the true faith, they would follow my directions, as being for the best. Afferwards, Moctezuma and many of the
principal citizens remained with me until I had removed the idols, purified the chapels, and placed the images in them,
manifesting apparent pleasure."
Letter from Hernán Cortés to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, on his interaction with the Mexica
(Aztecs), 1520
Moctezuma's statement that the Mexica "were not the aborigines of the country" most likely refers to which of the
following developments?

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had
assaulted the fort and surprised it.
.. With all speed we palisaded [built barricades around] our fort,. The day before
the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [anj Indian..... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed
round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit... it did not so long continue.
"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would
rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals
being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to
Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of
the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and
small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in
like. offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented
with free gift of such trifles as well contented them."
John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608
0 Ab
Smith's account of the hardships experienced in the Virginia colony most directly encouraged which of the
following changes in subsequent settlements?

"From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confired my reverence for
the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind
excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfiling them. Those can be found in liberty alone,
and therefore her sacred cause Ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power.
"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that
in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you.
"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here,
and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and
.. to compel obedience to that order also.
of raising it? How is this mode more tolerable than the STAMP ACT?"
What is this but taxing us at a certain sum, and leaving to us only the manner
John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, 1768
Based on the excerpt, the most likely purpose of Dickinson's letters was to

"From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confired my reverence for
the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind
excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfiling them. Those can be found in liberty alone,
and therefore her sacred cause Ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power.
"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that
in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you.
"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here,
and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and
.. to compel obedience to that order also.
of raising it? How is this mode more tolerable than the STAMP ACT?"
What is this but taxing us at a certain sum, and leaving to us only the manner
John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, 1768
To which of the following was Dickinson responding in his letters?

"In the time of the late war, being desirous to defend, secure, and promote the Rights and Liberties of the people, we
spared no pains but freely granted all the aid and assistance of every kind that our civil fathers [political leaders] required
of us.
"We are sensible also that a great debt is justly brought upon us by the War, and we are as willing to pay our share
towards it as we are to enjoy our shares in independency...
"But with the greatest submission we beg leave to inform your Honors that unless something takes place more favorable
to the people, in a little time at least one half of our inhabitants in our opinion will become bankrupt.
When we
compute the taxes laid upon us the five preceding years, the State and County, town, and class taxes, the amount is equal
to what our farms will rent for. Sirs in this situation, what have we to live on: No money to be had; our estates daily
posted and sold.
Surely your Honors are no strangers to the distresses of the people but do know that many of our
good inhabitants are now confined in jail for debt and for taxes.
.. Will not the people in the neighboring states say of
this state: although the Massachusetts [people] boast of their fine Constitution, their government is such that it devours
their inhabitants?
If your Honors find anything above mentioned worthy of notice, we earnestly pray that ...[the state legislature]
would point out some way whereby the people might be relieved."
Petition from
the town of Greenwich to the Massachus
setts state legislature, 1786
The concern in the petition about the effect of taxation is best understood in continuity with which of the following
earlier developments?

"The emancipation of slaves in New England, beginning around 1780, was a gradual process, whether by post nati statute
[laws freeing enslaved people born after a certain date], as in Rhode Island and Connecticut, or by effect, as in
Massachusetts and New Hampshire, where ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations discouraged
slaveholding without clearly outlawing it. The gradual nature of the process encouraged Whites to transfer a language and
set of practices shaped in the context of slavery to their relations with a slowly emerging population of free people of
color. The rhetoric of antislavery and revolutionary republicanism fostered this transfer, undergirding Whites'
assumptions that emancipated slaves, likely to be dependent and disorderly, would constitute a problem requiring firm
management in the new republic.
"Even more problematic was the promise implicit in antislavery rhetoric that abolition, by ending "the problem'-the sin
of slavery and the troublesome presence of slaves- would result in the eventual absence of people of color themselves. In
other words, Whites anticipated that free people of color, would, by some undefined moment (always imminent), have
disappeared."
Joanne Pope Melish, historian, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England, 1780-1860, published in 1998
The author claims in the excerpt that antislavery rhetoric in the late eighteenth century was based on

"The emancipation of slaves in New England, beginning around 1780, was a gradual process, whether by post nati statute
[laws freeing enslaved people born after a certain date], as in Rhode Island and Connecticut, or by effect, as in
Massachusetts and New Hampshire, where ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations discouraged
slaveholding without clearly outlawing it. The gradual nature of the process encouraged Whites to transfer a language and
set of practices shaped in the context of slavery to their relations with a slowly emerging population of free people of
color. The rhetoric of antislavery and revolutionary republicanism fostered this transfer, undergirding Whites'
assumptions that emancipated slaves, likely to be dependent and disorderly, would constitute a problem requiring firm
management in the new republic.
"Even more problematic was the promise implicit in antislavery rhetoric that abolition, by ending "the problem'-the sin
of slavery and the troublesome presence of slaves- would result in the eventual absence of people of color themselves. In
other words, Whites anticipated that free people of color, would, by some undefined moment (always imminent), have
disappeared."
The author makes which of the following arguments in the excerpt about the perceptions Whites maintained
regarding emancipated people in the North?

"I ordered my company to fire? (George] Washington reported This insiden... led 1o massive French atalsit
and the ouibreak of what was 300n a Worla War. InFIga a poTorin' Ambrica for se years, 1754 60, in Central and inauth
America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in india and the fast, and Not least in Europe, where it was knowinwapa,
Seven Years War (1756 63).
America set the world on fire."
;. Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of
Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997
Britain attempted to pay for the debt resulting from the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) by

"That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed
and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain
its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever.
That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to
be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three
years."
Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First
Continental Congress, 1774
The key concern that Galloway's plan was designed to address was the

Question refers to the excerpt below.
"(George) Washingion's pratinde was genuine.. . but the Pact remains ha traditionatets of the association, who han
vi iboOked ot as vor, unfeminine enterprise, were ultimately deflected into a traditiobad domestic role. „. ronicaliyand
symbolicalIy, the Philade)phia women of 1780, who had tried to establish an unprecedented nationwide femala
organization, ended up as what one amused historian has termed 'General Washington's Sewing Circle
"Male Revolutionary leaders too regarded women's efforts with wry condescension
.. The women, on the other hand,
could reflect prondly that whilst our friends were exposed to the hardships and dangers of the fields of war for out
protection, we were exerting at home our little labours to administer to their comfort and alleviate their toil »
Mary Beth Norton, historian, "The Philadelphia Ladies Association,;
" American Heritage, 1980
During and immediately after the Revolutionary era, which of the following resulted most directly from the efforts
of women such as those described in the excerpt?

"For the increase of shipping. from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or
exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging... but in ships or vessels as do..
belong only to the people of England... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English.
"And it is further enacted..... that... no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the
growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be... transported from
any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land.... Other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his
Majesty."
English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660
In the 1760s many English colonists in North America reacted to imperial governance by

Question refers to the excerpt below.
"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors,
copper kettles, and other goods?.. Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade
indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had
formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia...... While northeastern [American] Indians
recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were
consistent with their own customs and beliefs."
Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996
A direct result of European exploration of North America during the 1500s and early 1600s was the

Question refers to the excerpt below.
"What induced [American] Indians to go out of their way to trap beaver and trade the skins for glass beads, mirrors,
copper kettles, and other goods?.. Recent scholarship on [American] Indians' motives in this earliest stage of the trade
indicates that they regarded such objects as the equivalents of the quartz, mica, shell, and other sacred substances that had
formed the heart of long-distance exchange in North America for millennia...... While northeastern [American] Indians
recognized Europeans as different from themselves, they interacted with them and their materials in ways that were
consistent with their own customs and beliefs."
Neal Salisbury, historian, "The Indians' Old World: Native Americans and the Coming of Europeans," 1996
Which of the following types of evidence would best support the argument in the excerpt?

"Slavery, though imposed and maintained by violence, was a negotiated relationship... First, even as they confronted one
amother, master and slave had to concede, however grudgingly, a degree of legitimacy to the other... [T]he web of
interconnections between master and slave necessitated a coexistence that fostered cooperation as well as contestation.
Second, because the circumstances of such contestation and cooperation continually changed, slavery itself continually
changed... Slavery was never made, but instead was continually remade, for power--no matter how great was never
absolute, but always contingent."
Ira Berlin, historian, Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, 1998
Which of the following contributed most to the increasing use of African slave labor in North America during the
1600s and 1700s?

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had
assaulted the fort and surprised it. With all speed we palisaded [built barricades around] our fort;..... The day before
the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed
round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit..... it did not so long continue.
"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would
rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals
being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to
Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of
the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and
small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in
like.. offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented
with free gift of such trifles as well contented them."
John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608
Smith's description of the Pamunkey people's interactions with the Virginia colonists best serves as evidence of
which of the following characteristics of American Indians along the Eastern Seaboard in the 1600s?

"The first we heard [while Smith was exploring the James River in May] was that 400 Indians the day before had
assaulted the fort and surprised it. With all speed we palisaded [built barricades around] our fort;..... The day before
the ship's departure the king of [the] Pamunkey sent [an] Indian... to assure us peace, our fort being then palisadoed
round, and all our men in good health and comfort, albeit..... it did not so long continue.
"[By September] most of our chiefest men [were] either sick or discontented, the rest being in such despair as they would
rather starve and rot with idleness than be persuaded to do anything for their own relief without constraint. Our victuals
being now within eighteen days spent, and the Indian trade decreasing, I was sent to the mouth of the river to
Kegquouhtan, an Indian town, to trade for corn, and try the river for fish, but our fishing we could not effect by reason of
the stormy weather. The Indians, thinking us near famished, with careless kindness offered us little pieces of bread and
small handfuls of beans or wheat for a hatchet or a piece of copper. In like manner I entertained their kindness and in
like.. offered them like commodities, but the children, or any that showed extraordinary kindness, I liberally contented
with free gift of such trifles as well contented them."
John Smith, English explorer relating events in the Virginia colony, 1608
The Virginia colonists' interactions with American Indians, as described in the excerpt, most directly contributed to
which of the following?

"We... the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, ... having undertaken for the glory of God, and
adyancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern
parts of Virginia, do by these presents solernly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and
combine ourselves together into a civil body politic.... and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and
equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and
convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."
The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620
Participation in the "civil body politic" referenced in the excerpt would have been most available to which of the
following?

"We... the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, ... having undertaken for the glory of God, and
adyancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern
parts of Virginia, do by these presents solernly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and
combine ourselves together into a civil body politic.... and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and
equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and
convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."
The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620
The ideas introduced in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following patterns among the British
North American colonies?

"We... the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, ... having undertaken for the glory of God, and
adyancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern
parts of Virginia, do by these presents solernly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and
combine ourselves together into a civil body politic.... and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and
equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and
convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."
The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620
Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the document from which the excerpt was taken?

"For the increase of shipping. from thenceforward, no goods or commodities whatsoever shall be imported into or
exported out of any lands, islands, plantations, or territories to his Majesty belonging. but in ships or vessels as d...
belong only to the people of England..... and whereof the master and three-fourths of the mariners at least are English.
"And it is further enacted... that.. no sugars, tobacco, cottonwool, indigos, ginger, fustic, or other dyeing wood, of the
8TOwth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be. transported from
any of the said English plantations [colonies] to any land... other than to such other English plantations as do belong to his
Majesty."
English Parliament, Navigation Act of 1660
Which of the following most likely motivated Parliament to pass the law in the excerpt?

"Be it enacted .... That after the five and twentieth day of March, 1698, no goods or merchandizes whatsoever shall be
imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation to his Majesty, in Asia, Africa, or America... in any ship or
bottom, but what is or shall be of the built of England, Ireland, or the said colonies or plantations
and navigated with the
masters and three fourths of the mariners of the said places only ... under pain of forfeiture of ships and goods."
English Parliament, Navigation Act, 1696
The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following goals for England's North American colonies»

coherent region at all.
"The existence of [colonial) subregions leads us to another question: whether the Middle Colonies in fact represented a
.. In important respects, the Middle Colonies can be divided into separate societies focused around
the cities of New York and Philadelphia. Thus the economies of New YUk] and northern New Jersey were tied closely to
that of New York City, while those of southern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and norther Delaware were linked to
Philadelphia. Those areas grew at very different rates, and they possessed quite distinct characteristics.
"Nonetheless, the Middle Colonies did share a number of things. One was their geography, a combination of climate and
topography and setting, which determined some of the ways the land could be put to use, its accessibility to both intra-
regional and international commerce, and its strategic importance in imperial competition. It was a repion organized
around extensive inland waterways, which gave merchants an almost unparalleled access to the American interior,
building upon trade routes that predated European settlement.
"Perhaps the most important argument for the coherence of the mid-Atlantic as a region is the extent to which those
colonies shared a common history.
"The most often-noted characteristic of the repion was the diversity of its peoples The society of the Middle Colonies
surely was 'America's first plural society.'
. There were two principal sources of the growing diversity of the European
settlements. One was historical: New York, New Jersey, and Delaware were all conquered colonies, with Dutch, Swedish,
Finnish, and many other populations already resident at the time of English conquest. The other was the consolidation that
occurred as the colonies of six European nations along the Atlantic coast in the early seventeenth century were reduced to
two by century's end, those of (Protestant] England and those of (Catholic] France. The result was that [diverse] European
Protestants heading for the New World were concentrated within English colonies, a situation that virtually mandated
some form of toleration.
Toleration and pluralism, it turns out, were not based solely on enlightened benevolence."
Ned C. Landsman, historian, Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America, published in 2010
Landsman claims that some historians might not consider the Middle Colonies a single British colonial region
because the Middle Colonies

"The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is
indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants.
.. Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most
likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being
compelled to resort to agriculture. ... Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of
[manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?
• Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest
introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The
object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the (manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its
purpose, fulfilled its end.... The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the
[products] of foreign labor, would extend the [purchasing] of American [products], unable, in the infancy and unprotected
state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them
be perfected as they are in England, and [then] we shall be ready. to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest
exchanges."
Henry Clay, speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824
the excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following in the early 1800s?

"The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is
indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants.
.. Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most
likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being
compelled to resort to agriculture. ... Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of
[manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?
• Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest
introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The
object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the (manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its
purpose, fulfilled its end.... The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the
[products] of foreign labor, would extend the [purchasing] of American [products], unable, in the infancy and unprotected
state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them
be perfected as they are in England, and [then] we shall be ready. to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest
exchanges."
Henry Clay, speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824
Which of the following was an interpretation of the speech by opponents of the goals Clay expressed in the excerpt?

"The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is
indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants.
.. Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most
likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being
compelled to resort to agriculture. ... Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of
[manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?
• Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest
introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The
object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the (manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its
purpose, fulfilled its end.... The adoption of the restrictive system, on the part of the United States, by excluding the
[products] of foreign labor, would extend the [purchasing] of American [products], unable, in the infancy and unprotected
state of the arts, to sustain a competition with foreign fabrics. Let our arts breathe under the shade of protection; let them
be perfected as they are in England, and [then] we shall be ready. to put aside protection, and enter upon the freest
exchanges."
Henry Clay, speaker of the House of Representatives, speech in Congress, 1824
Which of the following describes an interpretation of Clay's economic principles at the time as expressed in the
excerpt?

"To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States:
"WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States,
asainst the Tripolitan cruisers,' That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels
of the United States, as may be judged reguisite by the Président of the United States, for protecting effectually the
commerce and seamen thereof; on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas; and also, that it shall be
lawful for the President of the United States to instruét the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize,
and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey (Suitan] of Tripoli (in North Africa], or to his
subjects.
"THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make
prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same
into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law.
"By command of the President of the United States of America."
Thomas Jefferson, 1802
The rhetorical purpose expressed in the excerpt would most likely have been interpreted as promoting which of the
following?

"To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States:
"WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States,
asainst the Tripolitan cruisers,' That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels
of the United States, as may be judged reguisite by the Président of the United States, for protecting effectually the
commerce and seamen thereof; on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas; and also, that it shall be
lawful for the President of the United States to instruét the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize,
and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey (Suitan] of Tripoli (in North Africa], or to his
subjects.
"THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make
prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same
into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law.
"By command of the President of the United States of America."
Thomas Jefferson, 1802
The excerpt could best be used by historians studying which of the following?

"To the Commanders of armed vessels belonging to the United States:
"WHEREAS it is declared by the act entitled An act for the protection of the commerce and seamen of the United States,
asainst the Tripolitan cruisers,' That it shall be lawful fully to equip, officer, man, and employ such of the armed vessels
of the United States, as may be judged reguisite by the Président of the United States, for protecting effectually the
commerce and seamen thereof; on the Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean and adjoining seas; and also, that it shall be
lawful for the President of the United States to instruét the commanders of the respective public vessels, to subdue, seize,
and make prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey (Suitan] of Tripoli (in North Africa], or to his
subjects.
"THEREFORE, And in pursuance of the said statute, you are hereby authorized and directed to subdue, seize, and make
prize, of all vessels, goods, and effects, belonging to the Bey of Tripoli, or to his subjects, and to bring or send the same
into port, to be proceeded against and distributed according to law.
"By command of the President of the United States of America."
Thomas Jefferson, 1802
President Jefferson sought the protections described in the excerpt most likely for the purpose of

"As [political leader Henry | Clay envisioned it fin the 18205], the American System constituted the.. basis for social
improvement... Through sale of its enormous land holdings, the federal government could well afford to subsidize
internal improvements, By levying protective tarifls;, the goyernment should foster the development of American
manufacturing and agricultural enterprises that, in their infancy, might not be able to withstand foreign competition. The
Promotion of industry would create a home market for agricultural commodities, just as farms provided a market for
manufactured products."
Daniel Walker Howe, historian, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815-1848, published in 2007
One major change in United States politics from the 1820s to the mid-1850s was the

"As its preamble promised, the Constitution would 'ensure domestic tranquility' by allowing the federal government to
field an army powerful enough to suppress rebellions like those that had flared up in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and
other states. Even more important, the Constitution would 'establish justice' by preventing the state assemblies from
adopting relief measures that screened their citizens from either their Continental taxes or their private debts,
Excoriating [harshly criticizing] the legislatures for collecting too little money from taxpayers, the bondholders and their
sympathizers noted with approval that the Constitution would take the business of collecting federal taxes away from the
states and place it firmly in the hands of a powerful new national government."
Woody Holton, historian, "'From the Labours of Others': The War Bonds Controversy and the Origins of the Constitution in New England," William
and Mary Quarterly, 2004

Which of the following historical events in the 1790s most directly followed from the developments described in the
excerpt?

"A bank of the United States is in many respects convenient for the Government and useful to the people, Entertaining
this opinion, and deeply impressed with the belief that some of the powers and privileges possessed by the existing bank
are unauthorized by the Constitution, subversive of the rights of the States, and dangerous to the liberties of the people, I
felt it my duty at an early period of my Administration to call the attention of Congress to the practicability of organizing
Do institution combining all its advantages and obviating [removing] these objections. I sincerely regret that in the act
before me I can perceive none of those modifications of the bank charter which are necessary, in my opinion, to make it
compatible with justice, with sound policy, or with the Constitution of our country.
"Experience should teach us wisdom. Most of the difficulties our Government now encounters and most of the dangers
which impend over our Union have sprung from an abandonment of the legitimate objects of Government by our national
legislation. Many of our rich men have not been content with equal protection and equal benefits, but have besought
us to make them richer by act of Congress. By attempting to gratify their desires we have in the results of our legislation
arTayed section against section, interest against interest, and man against man, in a fearful commotion which threatens to
shake the foundations of our Union."
President Andrew Jackson, Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States, 1832
The excerpt best reflects which of the foowing developments during the firgt half of the nineteenth century?

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the
same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more
fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is
never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is
admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more,
had no European power had any thing to do with her.
"But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their
young, nor savages make war upon their families.
.. Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This
new world hath been the asylum for the persecuted lovers of civil and religious liberty from every part of Europe. Hither
have they fled, not from the tender embraces of the mother, but from the cruelty of the monster; and it is so far true of
England, that the same tyranny which drove the first emigrants from home, pursues their descendants still."
Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776
Paine's argument best provides evidence for which of the following developments resulting from the American
Revolution?

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain.. that the
several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and
imposts on the importation of foreign commodities, are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate
the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...
South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832
The excerpt most directly expresses an economic perspective that

Sound, sound the trump of fame,
Let [George] Washington's great name
Ring round the world with loud applause,
Ring round the world with loud applause,
Let every clime to freedom dear,
Listen with a joyful ear,
With equal skill, with godlike power,
He governs in the fearful hour
Of horrid war, or guides with ease,
The happier times of honest peace.
Firm, united let us be,
Rallying round our Liberty,
As a band of brothers join'd,
Peace and safety we shall find
Hail Columbia, popular song, 1798

Which of the following best explains the depiction of George Washington in the third verse of the song?

His Catholic Majesty [of Spain] and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the
Friendship and good correspondence which happilv prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establish by a
convention several points.
"Article IV
It is likewise agreed that the Western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of
Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi and his Catholic Majesty has likewise
agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his
Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by
special convention.
"Article XXI
"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them
will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future
sive to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require;. his
Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their
merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans.
Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United Stales, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795
The agreements made in the excerpt best reflect which of the following concerns in the United States during this
period?

His Catholic Majesty [of Spain] and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the
Friendship and good correspondence which happilv prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establish by a
convention several points.
"Article IV
It is likewise agreed that the Western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of
Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi and his Catholic Majesty has likewise
agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his
Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by
special convention.
"Article XXI
"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them
will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future
sive to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require;. his
Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their
merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans.
Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United Stales, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795Which of the following was a primary reason that the United States and Spain agreed to the articles outlined in the
excerpt?

His Catholic Majesty [of Spain] and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the
Friendship and good correspondence which happilv prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establish by a
convention several points.
"Article IV
It is likewise agreed that the Western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of
Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi and his Catholic Majesty has likewise
agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his
Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by
special convention.
"Article XXI
"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them
will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future
sive to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require;. his
Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their
merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans.
Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United Stales, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795
Which of the following groups would have most likely supported the agreements made in the excerpt?

"The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of
philanthropic individuals.. to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts
for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy,
abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health,
the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been ellected would prove this
and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward
changing the habits of the nation.
[The American Temperance Society's] object is. the exertion of kind moral
influence... to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease."
Introduction to a book of reports from the American Temperance Society, 1835
The sentiments described in the excerpt best reflect which of the following developments?

Friendship and good confespondente which happily prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establiahp,
convention several points.
"Article IV
It is likewise agreed that the Westem boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of
Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi and his Catholic Majesty has likewise
agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his
Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by
special convention.
*Article XXII
"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them
will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future
give to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require; his
Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their
merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans.
Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795
Which of the following was a primary reason that the United States and Spain agreed to the articles outlined in the
excerpt?

"His Catholic Majesty (of Spain) and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the
Friendship and good confespondente which happily prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establiahp,
convention several points.
"Article IV
It is likewise agreed that the Westem boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of
Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi and his Catholic Majesty has likewise
agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his
Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by
special convention.
*Article XXII
"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them
will be further increased by this Treaty, and that it will contribute to augment their prosperity and opulence, will in future
give to their mutual commerce all the extension and favor which the advantage of both Countries may require; his
Catholic Majesty will permit the Citizens of the United States for the space of three years from this time to deposit their
merchandise and effects in the Port of New Orleans.
Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States, known as Pinckney's Treaty or the Treaty of San Lorenzo, 1795
The agreements made in the excerpt best reflect which of the following concerns in the United States during this
period?

"The emancipation of slaves in New England, beginning around 1780, was a gradual process, whether by post nati statute
[laws freeing enslaved people born after a certain date], as in Rhode Island and Connecticut, or by effect, as in
Massachusetts and New Hampshire, where ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations discouraged
slaveholding without clearly outlawing it. The gradual nature of the process encouraged Whites to transfer a language and
set of practices shaped in the context of slavery to their relations with a slowly emerging population of free people of
color. The rhetoric of antislavery and revolutionary republicanism fostered this transfer, undergirding Whites
assumptions that emancipated slaves, likely to be dependent and disorderly, would constitute a problem requiring firm
management in the new republic.
"Even more problematic was the promise implicit in antislavery rhetoric that abolition, by ending the problem'- the sin
of slavery and the troublesome presence of slaves would result in the eventual absence of people of color themselves. In
other words, Whites anticipated that free people of color, would, by some undefined moment (always imminent), have
disappeared."
Joanne Pope Melish, historian, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England, 1780-1860, published in 1998
The author argues that emancipation in northern states occurred

Sets with similar terms

Which of the following explains the most likely reason why English colonists wanted to come to North America ?\?

Which of the following most directly contributed to the decision in Philadelphia referenced in the excerpt to build a specific meeting house for the new preachers?

Which of the following claims did the residents of Greenwich use to most support their argument?

Which of the following best describes the economic system that supported the Native American?