Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior sociology

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Introduction to sociology
Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior quizlet?
Which of the following is the best definition of sociology quizlet?
What agent of socialization has become the most influential in contemporary society?
Which combination best describes what sociologists mean by a community?

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Introduction to sociology

Term	Definition
Pierre Bourdieu is best known for his ideas involving what kind of resources?	Cultural capital
What is the first step of the sociological research process?	Ask a question.
What is a theory?	a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and sometimes predict social events
Which of the following is not a major sociological perspective?	drive perspective
What is sociology?	the academic study of social behavior
In what kind of settings can sociology be used?	a) academics b) policy research c) criminal justice
Which of the following statements best describes the sociological imagination?	It looks at personal issues from a wider, more general perspective.
What is a hypothesis?	a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more concepts
What is the difference between correlation and causation?	Correlation means two variables are related, while causation means that one variable causes the other.
Who introduced the idea of double consciousness?	W.E.B. DuBois
What is the research method called when a person observes and records in-depth detailed information about a group of people?	What is the research method called when a person observes and records in-depth detailed information about a group of people?
Who explored the importance of conflict within a society?	Karl Marx
Which theorist co-founded the Chicago Hull House.	Jane Adams
While psychology might consider whether stress leads people to smoke at a higher rate, sociology would most likely ask...	how the prevalence of smoking in a peer group affects the decision to start smoking.
Which of the following choices provides the best example of the sociological imagination? "The sociological imagination is recognizing that..	someone's choice to ask for a raise at work might be influenced by her sense of what is appropriate behavior for women."
How does the work of both Karl Marx and Max Weber set the field of sociology apart from anthropology?	Both deal with modern rather than pre-modern societies.
Which of the following is the best example of a situation in which the sociological imagination would have some insight?	A student recognizes that she may be avoiding studying because her peers make her feel unaccepted when she gets a good grade.
Rationalization was introduced by which thinker?	Max Weber
Which perspective is centered around the balance of a society, which relies on all of the contributing parts working together?	Functionalism
Which perspective focuses on communication between individuals influencing the way a society operates?	Symbolic interactionism
Which of the following would NOT be an example of applied sociology?	A graduate student running a research project to see if including certain words into a passage volunteers read evokes greater feelings of patriotism in them as measured by a survey.
A clinical sociologist would most likely be found in what area?	Health care
Which of the following perspectives would focus on the social significance of rituals like handshakes, hugs, or high fives?	Symbolic interactionist perspective
Which of the following perspectives would focus on the social inequalities that exist in capitalist societies?	Conflict perspective
A feminist perspective is closest to which other major sociological perspective?	A feminist perspective is closest to which other major sociological perspective?
A sociologist has a theory that greater social interaction would help older adults retain mental capacity. What might research do to help her theory?	It could provide evidence to support her theory by comparing the social interactions of mentally sharp older adults to the interactions of those who have average mental capacity.
Which of the following is the best example of descriptive research?	A project that records the language young Caucasians in a certain metro region use to describe people of African-American heritage.
Why is creating an operational definition important?	It is needed to allow a hypothesis to be tested.
What is a disadvantage of using an experiment to gather data in sociological research?	People may not act the way they would in real life.
Which of the following is NOT an unethical aspect of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?	Researchers infected the men with syphilis.
Which of the following is the best example of a conflict of interest?	A researcher does academic research on people's attitudes towards products that are made by a company she consults for.
What are some of the limitations of a survey as a research tool?	People may not accurately report their own experiences, and the questions themselves may shape the responses gathered.
What does it mean for results to be statistically significant?	It means the results have probably not occurred by chance.
When might a researcher choose to take a sample rather than measuring the entire population?	When the population is too large for every member to be measured.
Which of the following best represents how a sociologist would view marriage?	Marriage provides a way of publicly signaling love and commitment, but it is always changing.
Which of the following is an example of a subculture?	Dedicated birdwatchers who often meet, share common goals, and use a specialize language to talk about their experiences
Which of the following is purely an instinct?	A gardener almost steps on a snake he knows to be harmless and screams.
What would a sociologist say to someone who argued that drives control a lot of human behavior since we all need to eat, drink, and sleep?	A sociologist would argue that humans vary widely in how they express and fulfill those drives
Holism	Emile Durkheim developed a concept of holism which he opposed to the notion that a society was nothing more than a simple collection of individuals.
What would a desire to eat be considered?	A drive
Which aspect of eating would a sociologist be most likely to study?	Whom a person chooses to eat with
Which of the following examples is a folkway?	Placing your napkin on your lap at dinner
How do cultural norms differ from mores?	Mores are norms; however, mores govern a society's notion of right and wrong.
The Gadsden flag originated as a symbol of American opposition to British oppression in the Revolutionary War. It was later taken by the Tea Party movement to symbolize government overreach. What does flying this flag do for the Tea Party?	The flag helps people inside the group feel an emotional identification with the movement through an implicit connection to the American Revolution
How would a sociologist regard a print dictionary?	A sociologist would say that because language is always changing, the dictionary would not have the most up-to-date information.
Which is an example of ethnocentrism?	A shopkeeper is offended when a foreign tourist tries to negotiate a price in the store, and the shopkeeper tells him to either buy the item or leave it.
What is cultural relativism?	The belief that the set of cultural practices and beliefs of one group is no better than those of other groups
Which of the following is true about a subculture?	People in subcultures share distinctive aspects that set them apart as a group.
What is the definition of argot?	A language unique to a subculture
How does modernization change a society's culture?	It changes culture by putting more people in contact with one another and by changing the technological conditions of life.
There are generally three causes for cultural change. Which scenario best exemplifies one of those three reasons?	A civil rights campaign
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?	Race is a social category while ethnicity is a shared ancestry and heritage.
Which of the following is the best example of how globalization might impact the culture in the United States?	A South Korean music video is widely seen in the United States.
What do sociologists think about ethnocentrism?	It is useful insofar as it gives people a sense of belonging, but it can prevent them from learning about other cultures.
Which of the following agents of socialization strongly influences respect for authority and appropriate interaction with others?	Institutions
Which of the following examples is the most common way that schools serve as agents of socialization?	Students learn to respect authority figures.
____ is the process by which people discover where they fit in relation to society and how to function as a member of that society.	Socialization
How can life course expectations be detrimental?	Older adults face discrimination in the job market because they are assumed to be less capable than their younger peers.
A girl goes out trick or treating in a nurse's outfit. Throughout the evening, she receives a lot of positive attention. She is told she is cute and asked what patients she is taking care of. What aspect(s) of gender does this reinforce?	Gender role and gender identity
What does "doing gender" refer to?	It refers to everyday interactions that evoke and reinforce gender differences.
What do the Navajo concepts of nádleeh í and dilbaa suggest about sex and gender?	Gender roles are learned and not universal.
What is the difference between transsexual and intersex?	While intersex refers to someone who is born with sexual characteristics from both sexes, transsexual refers to someone who has chosen to assume some sexual characteristics associated with the opposite sex.
In what way was Kinsey innovative in his treatment of sexual identity?	He saw heterosexuality and homosexuality as a continuum.
Which term is queer closest to in meaning?	Gay
Which of the following agents of socialization would most influence a high school girl attempting to fit in at high school?	her peers
What did Margaret Mead's research on the gender roles of the Arapesh, the Mundugumor (now called Biwat), and the Tchambuli (now called Chambri) suggest?	Gender roles are learned and not universal.
Which of the following scenarios is an example of a person experiencing a liminal state?	Parth works at a coffee shop after school in order to pay for some household expenses, but his parents still impose a curfew on him.
How do particular others help socialize a child?	The child imitates the actions or behaviors of these characters in order to learn about the social expectations for a particular role.
With which of the main schools of sociological thought do Mead's ideas about socialization and role-taking most closely align?	Symbolic interactionism
What are the three stages of Cooley's looking-glass self?	We imagine how others see us, we imagine how they judge us, we respond to their perceived judgment.
Self Concept	an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.
Self image	the idea one has of one's abilities, appearance, and personality.
According to George Henry Mead, the game phase is characterized by:	An understanding of rules and structure
If Arvo is wondering how his co-workers are judging the new outfit he wore to work, he is at which stage of the looking-glass self?	The second stage
Which of the following is the best example of self-concept?	Felix knows he is a good student.
How does your secondary group differ from an aggregate?	Your secondary group is composed of people you interact with on a regular basis, while an aggregate is a group of people that happen to be in the same place as you for a certain period of time.
Which of the following is an example of belonging to a category?	People born and raised in Annapolis, Maryland
Tajfel and other sociologists have found which to be true about group formation?	People think about the world in terms of "us" versus "them" groups readily with little prompting.
What is one important effect of in-group/out-group dynamics?	The perception that all members of the out-group are the same
Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between a role and status?	Zach has the status of manager at a company. In his role as a manager, he occasionally asks his subordinates to redo their work so that it conforms to his expectations.
Which of the following is the clearest example of a master status?	During class, a physics teacher chats with the star quarterback of the high school football team about strategies for the upcoming game.
Aaron has a close family. He identifies strongly as a member of his family. Which of the following statements is true relative to Aaron's situation?	Aaron's family is both his primary group and his in-group.
A _________ is a group of people a person compares him or herself to.	Reference group
Which of the following is an example of role strain?	Emmanuel is a manager at a company. He needs to get a project done soon. One of his most valuable employees is available but dislikes the work that needs to be done. Emmanuel struggles between the risk of missing the deadline or alienating the employee.
Which of the following is the best example of normative social influence? (Read all the answer choices carefully first.)	Jake and his friends talk about the physical attractiveness of various women living in the apartment complex. Although Jake feels uncomfortable with the topic of conversation, he adds his own opinions to fit in with the group.
In large high schools, students often break themselves up into cliques on the basis of shared interests or values. What is the sociological term for this kind of group?	Factions
Which of the following ensures that a bureaucracy can still perform if one individual worker is unable to perform his or her job?	Interchangeability
What is the difference between social groups and formal organizations?	Social groups are created often casually around relationships in daily life; formal organizations are created to achieve goals.
Which of the following is the best example of movement from a coercive organization to a voluntary organization?	A person gets out of prison and joins AA to help him deal with his drug addiction.
How are bureaucracies different from other formal organizations?	Bureaucracies are more highly developed organizations.
The rationalization of society describes the shift in what held groups together from _________ to _________.	Relationships; goals
Which of the following is an action that might be considered a crime but not deviant?	A person jaywalks across a street instead of using the crosswalk.
Functionalist Perspective	Society needs deviance because it creates social cohesion.
Conflict Perspective	Deviance is linked to social inequality.
Symbolic Interactionism	Social norms are upheld when people subtly or overtly respond to deviant behavior in their everyday interactions.
Which of the following would be the best example of a stigma?	A child who is extremely obese
Structural strain theory	describes what occurs when people cannot reach socially accepted goals through legitimate means. According to Merton (1968), structural strain leads to deviance and crime.
conformity	s the reaction of adopting the broader cultural goals of success and accessing the legitimate means to achieve the goal or goals.
A second response in which someone fails to achieve goals, or gives up on them, but still holds onto the socially acceptable means, is called	ritualism
A third response to the gap between means and goals is	retreatism
Innovation*	occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt alternative (disapproved) means of achieving them.
rebellion*	is the decision to reject not only the conventional means but also the conventional goals.
According to Merton, what creates the conditions for social strain?	People lack legitimate means to achieve a socially sanctioned goal.
What do structural strain theory and the conflict perspective have in common, as they relate to deviance?	Both believe deviance occurs when there is an imbalance of resources in society.
Edwin Sutherland's differential association* theory	interprets deviance as behavior a person learns through interaction with others and society.
social bonding theory*	which holds that social control depends on people anticipating the consequence of deviant behavior. He believed that four components lead to lower rates of deviance: Attachment. Commitment, Involvement, Believe
How does differential association theory differ from functionalism and the conflict perspective?	It focuses on the relationships between people on a micro level, rather than examining society on a whole.
Which of the following is an example of medicalization?	Which of the following is an example of medicalization?
Why could the functionalist perspective on deviance be considered counterintuitive?	It asserts that deviance contributes to the stability of society.
What is the difference between a retreatist and a rebel, according to Robert Merton's five-part typology of deviance?	Both a retreatist and a rebel reject the socially acceptable goals and means; a rebel creates a new set of goals and means.
Labeling theory can explain which societal problem?	Former convicts relapsing into criminal activity
Which of the following is not a form of property crime?	Gambling
Given the information above, what is a likely profile of a female criminal? (Given that all of the following could be the profile of an individual criminal.)	A female sex worker living with her two children committed a robbery.
How would a functionalist explain the place of incarceration in society?	The presence of prisons provides a deterrence from crime and rehabilitates criminals.
The United States spends $80 billion per year housing criminals. What is one danger in reducing the prison population?	Released prisoners will commit new crimes
Functionalists believe that the function of imprisonment is to deter crime through a negative sanction. What is a sanction?	The reward or punishment people in society give an individual in order to enforce social norms.
Which of the following is NOT directly a factor that leads both men and women to commit crimes at greater rates?	Living in economically deprived neighborhoods
Which of the following is an example of a victimless crime?	Illegal drug use
Social stratification*	s the division of society into a hierarchy of social groups who have unequal access to and control over rewards, education, money, and other "goods" that are valued socially
Race*	is a category, created socially, based on a person's physical traits such as skin color or facial features.
ethnicity	which is a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and national identity.
phenotype	A set of genes that creates a certain physical appearance
ethnic enclaves*	Around the turn of the century, immigrants poured into the United States, excited about the prospect of job opportunities and higher wages. Upon arrival—unsurprisingly—many chose to settle in the areas populated by fellow countrymen, in pockets called
linguistic assimilation*	in which an immigrant group gradually abandons its native tongue and adopts the language of its new country.
Which of the following groups of people share their ethnicity by circumstance?	Jewish people
Which of the following does NOT contribute to a person's ethnic identity?	Intellect
salience principle	the idea that we categorize other people on the basis of what is most noticeable (i.e., most salient) about them.
conflict theory of prejudice*	assumes that class conflict is inevitable in society and that those in the dominant class will use prejudice as a means to oppress those in the economically-deprived lower classes.
Explicit bias*	exists in the conscious mind. It is a bias toward or against a particular group that a person knows he or she harbors.
Implicit bias*	on the other hand, is a bias that is harbored unconsciously. These are associations, preferences, and prejudices formed in the back of a person's mind without him or her even knowing it... and they are impossible to avoid!
Institutional racism*	is racism embedded into institutions: policies, laws, and practices that disproportionately favor or disadvantage one race over another.
Systemic racism*	is the underlying societal attitude that drives any form of racism. If the values of society favor one race over another, then institutional racism is likely to occur.
The "stop and frisk" policy is an example of a policy that can perpetuate racial injustice through ________.	Incarceration
What is the difference between pluralism and assimilation?	In pluralism, subcultures keep their distinctive attributes, while in assimilation they take on the features of the dominant culture.
Which of the following do race and ethnicity have in common?	They both contribute to an individual's sense of identity.
Which of the following BEST describes the difference between institutional racism and systemic racism?	Institutional racism is instilled in written policies; systemic racism is found in attitudes and beliefs.
Historic laws that denied slaves the right to vote are an example of how a society creates racist values by ________.	Defining the behavior of the groups
stratification*	is often determined by long-established social structures that shape how we think about different categories of people.
Which of the following is one reason why boys might not succeed in school at the rate girls do?	They are socialized more by peers than by parents.
What is a conundrum that sociologists have noted?	If women receive more college degrees, why do they earn less than men?
Which of the following is an example of a female-dominated profession? Which of the following is an example of a female-dominated profession?	Social worker
The difference between women's average earnings and men's average earnings over their lifetimes is known as _________.	The gender wage gap

Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior quizlet?

Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior? Genes represent the potential for traits but do not determine the expression of those traits.

Which of the following is the best definition of sociology quizlet?

According to the textbook, which of the following is the best definition of "sociology?" Sociology is the systematic study of social interaction at a variety of levels.

What agent of socialization has become the most influential in contemporary society?

“The family is by far the most significant agent of socialization. Although social change has increased family diversity and created more opportunities for children to be influenced by other social institutions, the family continues to play the pivotal role in primary socialization.

Which combination best describes what sociologists mean by a community?

Which combination best describes what sociologists mean by a "community"? place, relationships, and identity in common.

Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior sociology

Introduction to sociology

Which of the following best describes the impact of genes on behavior quizlet?

Which of the following is the best definition of sociology quizlet?

What agent of socialization has become the most influential in contemporary society?

Which combination best describes what sociologists mean by a community?

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