Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt quizlet?

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APUSH Period 1 1491-1607

Terms in this set (17)

"Around 7,000 years ago agriculture emerged in Mesoamerica, including the domestication of maize, beans, and squash, causing major changes in the plants that people cultivated. Three sister agriculture had spread across Mexico by 3,500 years ago, through they originated at different times."

Why was this method of planting important?

These three crops mutually supported each other's growth, a system that spread from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest.

"European leaders concluded that the Muslims' power fed upon the wealth generated by their control of the most lucrative trade routes. By paying premium prices to Muslim merchants for the gold and ivory of sub-Saharan Africa and for the silks, gems, and spices of Asia, European consumers enriched the Islamic world while draining wealth from Christendom ... Visionary Europeans hoped to weaken their enemy and enrich themselves by seeking an alternative trade route by sea."

The conditions described in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following?

European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World

When Christopher Columbus set off in 1492, his objective was to find a direct water route from Europe to Asia. Instead, he found the Americas, which turned out to have valuable resources for trade.

"There were four chiefs: Mr. Bear, Cougar, Bald Eagle, and Salmon. They met to try to figure out what it was that they were going to do. They knew of a place where there were many salmon. This would be the best thing of the coming people. It would keep them strong and healthy; besides, it would taste so good! But there was a problem. The salmon were being held way up river by a dam and were being guarded by some women, who when crossed would stop at nothing to destroy anything that got in the way of keeping their salmon and doing their work."

Which of the following was a major contrast between the Native Americans described in the passage and those living in the Great Plains region?

Native Americans in the Northwest relied on fishing, while Native Americans on the Plains relied on hunting to obtain food.

Indigenous groups in the Pacific Northwest relied heavily on fishing because of the number of major rivers in the area. Salmon still plays an important part in many indigenous peoples' culture, religion, and diet. Native Americans on the Plains relied heavily on hunting animals like the buffalo to sustain their communities.

"Wherefore...you have purposed with the favor of divine clemency to being under your sway the said mainland and islands with their residents and inhabitants and to bring them to the Catholic faith. Hence...[we] give, grant, and assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castile and Leon... all islands and mainland found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole, namely the north, to the Antarctic pole, namely the south..."

In addition to the reason discussed in the passage above, which of the following was a reason for Spanish colonization in the Americas?

Increasing the wealth of Spain by extracting natural resources from the Americas

Spanish colonizers quickly enslaved local populations to mine for precious metals and grow sugar.

Which of the following factors most influenced the adoption of largely mobile lifestyles by early societies in the Great Basin and Great Plains?

The arid Great Basin limited farming opportunities close to major waterways, making permanent settlements undesirable.

Having the ability to move closer to water sources and hunting large and small game on the plains allowed broad access to food and nutrition.

"Columbus and his crew did not voyage alone. They were accompanied by a menagerie of insects, plants, mammals, and microorganisms... European expeditions brought cattle, sheep, and horses, along with crops like sugarcane ( originally from New Guinea), wheat (from the Middle East), bananas (from Africa), and coffee (also from Africa)..."

Which of the following processes is Mann describing?

The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian exchange led to tremendous environmental transformations on both sides of the Atlantic.

"into this land of meek outcasts there came some Spaniards who immediately behaved like ravening wild beasts...killing, terrorizing, afflicting, torturing, and string native peoples, doing all this with the strangest and most varied new methods of cruelty, never seen or heard of before, and to such a degree that this Island of Hispaniola once so populous (having a population that I estimated to be more than three million), has now a population of barely two hundred persons."

Which of the following practices did the ideas expressed in the excerpt most directly challenge?

Enslaving indigenous people as laborers in the encomienda system.

The encomienda system promised colonists land as well as the labor of indigenous people. As a result of European colonization, the indigenous population dwindled because of the cruel labor practices described in the excerpt, as well as exposure to diseases.

which of the following does this image most likely depict?

Native Americans suffering from microbial diseases introduced by Spanish conquistadores

The Spanish Brought with them foreign microbes which led to the deaths of infected Native Americans.

This painting could best be used as evidence of which of the following historical developments?

How Spanish colonization led to a racial hierarchy in the New World based on an individuals percentage of Spanish Blood

Any person with indigenous or African blood was systemically devalued in Spanish colonial society

What was important about the development of vessels such as the one depicted above?

They allowed Portuguese and Spanish navigators to sail across oceans rather than only along the coast.

Caravels were light and fast, but capable of withstanding ocean waves.

"the creation of the middle ground involved a process of mutual invention by both the French and the Algonquians. This process passed through various stages, of which the earliest is at once the most noticed and the least interesting. It was in this initial stage that the French, for example, simply assimilated Indians into their own conceptual order. Indians became sauvages, and the Frech reduced Indian religion to devil worship and witchcraft. Algonquians, for their part, thought of the first Europeans as manitous [spirits]. On both sides, new people were crammed into existing categories in a mechanical way."

Which of the following cultural and social shifts resulted most directly from the trends described in the excerpt?

Europeans and indigenous people adopted useful aspects of each others culture.

The interactions between Europeans and indigenous people led to the adoption of useful aspects from each other's cultures. Some examples are that indigenous people adopted the use of guns and cooking utensils, while Europeans living in the Americas participated in the social and trading rituals of indigenous nations to get access to valuable goods.

Wherefore... you have purposed with the favor of divine clemency to bring under your sway the said mainland's and islands with their residents and inhabitants and to bring them to the Catholic faith. Hence... [we] give, grant, and assign to you and your heirs and successors, kings of Castille and Leon... all islands and mainland's found and to be found, discovered and to be discovered towards the west and south, by drawing and establishing a line from the Arctic pole, namely the north, to the Antarctic pole, namely the south..."

What was Pope Alexander's purpose in establishing the demarcation line he describes in the passage?

To resolve conflicts between Portuguese and Spanish explorers

In this Papal Bull, and the Treaty of Tordesillas negotiated soon afterward, Spain and Portugal split the New World between themselves

"By virtue of the said ransom, let ships go there and bring away as many male and female Negroes as possible, newly imported and between the ages of fifteen to eighteen or twenty years... The burden of work of the Indian's will be eased and unlimited amounts of gold will be mined. This is the best land in the world for Negroes, women and old men, and it is very rarely that one of these people die."

This excerpt best reflects which of the following historical developments?

This excerpt best reflects which of the following historical developments?

After disease decimated the indigenous labor force, Europeans stated to explore other options for labor, like the forced enslavement of African people.

Based on the evidence of Cahokia, which of the following might historians conclude about the Mississippian peoples?

They had significant social organization, which allowed them to coordinate the construction of large buildings.

The image and evidence of Cahokia show that Cahokia was a large society in which there were massive buildings pointing to significant social organization.

"Columbus and his crew did not voyage alone. They were accompanied by a menagerie of insects, plants, mammals, and microorganisms... Europeans expeditions brought cattle, sheep, and horses, along with crops like sugarcane (originally from New Guinea), wheat (from the middle east), bananas (from africa), and coffee (also from africa)..."

Mann describes several commodities that were taken from Europe and Africa to the Americas. Which of the following were taken from the Americas to Europe?

Gold and silver

The great influx of gold and silver from the New World had a major effect on the economy of Europe.

"It is written in the Books of Proverbs: 'he who is stupid will serve the wise man.' And so it is with the barbarous and inhumane peoples who have no civil life and peaceful customs. It will always be just and humane princes and notions. Thanks to their virtues and the practical wisdom of their laws, the latter can destroy barbarism and educate these people to a more humane and virtuous life. And if that latter rejects such rule, it can be imposed upon them by force of arms."

Which of the following groups would have been most likely to support Sepulveda's views as expressed in the excerpt?

Spanish encomenderos

Encomenderos were people who held a land grant and forced indigenous laborers to mine and farm for the Spanish colonists. They would have agreed with Sepulveda's view that it is natural for indigenous communities to "submit to the rule of more cultured and humane princes and nations."

"closer to the center of European society, armed enterprise by one sovereign was sure to provoke a countereffort by rivals; and only rarely could a ruler conquer territories from which important tac income could be garnered. The success of the Spanish government in fashioning a vast empire in the Americas and its failure to maintain control over the Netherlands illustrates these facts very clearly. Spanish military effort in the New World paid off handsomely. Indeed it was the swelling flow of New World silver aft the 1550s that made Philip think he could conduct war both in the Mediterranean against the Turks and in the north against the Dutch."

Which of the following best supports the general argument in the excerpt about how economic and military competition between European powers influenced New World exploration?

The increase in piracy as other European powers tried to capture Spanish treasures ships

For example, the Queen of England hired English sailors (like Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh) to harass Spanish fleets and capture Spanish treasure from the New World. The goal of the Sea Dogs was to weaken a military and economic threat.

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