Which of the following involves looking at relationships attempting to attribute causes and effects and basing conclusions on scientific evidence?

What are the main types of qualitative approaches to research?

While there are many different investigations that can be done, a study with a qualitative approach generally can be described with the characteristics of one of the following three types:

Historical research describes past events, problems, issues and facts.  Data are gathered from written or oral descriptions of past events, artifacts, etc.  It describes “what was” in an attempt to recreate the past.  It is different from a report in that it involves interpretation of events and its influence on the present.  It answers the question: “What was the situation?” 

Examples of Historical Research:

• A study of the factors leading to the historical development and growth of cooperative learning
• A study of the effects of the historical decisions of the United States Supreme Court on American prisons
• A study of the evolution of print journalism in the United States through a study of collections of newspapers
• A study of the historical trends in public laws by looking recorded at a local courthouse

Ethnographic research develops in-depth analytical descriptions of current systems, processes, and phenomena and/or understandings of the shared beliefs and practices of a particular group or culture.  This type of design collects extensive narrative data (non-numerical data) based on many variables over an extended period of time in a natural setting within a specific context. The background, development, current conditions, and environmental interaction of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded, and analyzed for patterns in relation to internal and external influences.  It is a complete description of present phenomena.

One specific form of ethnographic research is called a case study.  It is a detailed examination of a single group, individual, situation, or site. 

A meta-analysis is another specific form.  It is a statistical method which accumulates experimental and correlational results across independent studies.  It is an analysis of analyses.

Examples of Ethnographic Research:

• A case study of parental involvement at a specific magnet school
• A multi-case study of children of drug addicts who excel despite early childhoods in poor environments
• The study of the nature of problems teachers encounter when they begin to use a constructivist approach to instruction after having taught using a very traditional approach for ten years
• A psychological case study with extensive notes based on observations of and interviews with immigrant workers
• A study of primate behavior in the wild measuring the amount of time an animal engaged in a specific behavior

Narrative research focuses on studying a single person and gathering data through the collection of stories that are used to construct a narrative about the individual’s experience and the meanings he/she attributes to them.

Examples of Narrative Research:

• A study of the experiences of an autistic student who has moved from a self-contained program to an inclusion setting
• A study of the experiences of a high school track star who has been moved on to a championship-winning university track team

_____ are individuals who get things done through other people.

Which French industrialist said that a manager's functions consist of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling?

Through the _____ function, managers monitor the performance of the organization and significant deviations.

_____ is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behaviour within organizations.

_____ involves looking at relationships, attempting to attribute cause and effects, and drawing conclusions based on systematic evidence.

Burger King is owned by a firm located in _____.

In advanced nations, minimum wages are typically €7 or more per hour. Workers in China and other developing nations often work for _____ per hour.

_____ means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people in terms of gender, age, race, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.

Lifestyle is not one of the major workforce diversity categories identified in the text, true or false?

What is the "melting pot" assumption?

Diversity will contribute positively to organizational decision making.

The accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity, is an example of a(n) _____.

Model.
A model is an abstraction of reality, a simplified representation of some real-world phenomenon.

The primary dependent variables in organizational behaviour have been productivity, absenteeism, turnover, and job satisfaction. More recently, _____ and _____ have been added to the list.

deviant workplace behaviour , organizational citizenship Deviant workplace behaviour and organizational citizenship are among the primary dependent variables in organizational behaviour. (A dependent variable is a factor that can be explained or predicted by some other factor.)

A failure to report to work is termed _____.

A(n) _____ is the presumed cause of change in an outcome.

independent variable.
An independent variable is the presumed cause of a change in an outcome. Independent variables include individual level, group level, and organization systems level variables.

Productivity is NOT an individual level independent variable? True or False

The Successful Manager spend most of his time (48%) _________.

The Effective Manager spend most of his time (44%) ___________.

What are the four behavioral sciences that have contributed to the

development of Organizational Behavior?

•Psychology • Sociology • Social Psychology • Anthropology

If you reward employees for activities they like doing, then they will....

Like it less than before.

Once employees have mastered a task, they perform better when

They are given specific, difficult performance goals

The more often an employee has been in contact with his/her co-worker, the employee will like the co-worker

Hans won in a lottery 5.32 Million Euro last year. Frank has lost his right arm 6 month ago. How happy are they today?

They are happy to the same degree

People pull less in a tug-of-war when part of a team than when pulling by themselves.

The hindsight bias is ......

the tendency for people with outcome knowledge to believe falsely that they would have predicted the reported outcome of an event. After learning of the occurrence of an event, people tend to exaggerate the extent to which they had foreseen the likelihood of its occurrence.

Evidence-Based Management (EBM)

Basing managerial decisions on the best available scientific evidence

Core Values of Science (4)

Accuracy Objectivity   Skepticism Open-Mindedness

an integrated set of principles 

predictions derived from theory
–Test a theory –Direct research –Practical implications of theories

–Effectively summarizes a wide range of observations   –Makes clear predictions

behavior is systematically observed and recorded

The science that seeks to measure, explain and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals

An area of psychology that blends concepts from psychology and sociology and focuses on the influence of people on one another

The study of people in relation to their social environment or culture. 

The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. 

Which of the following terms means looking at relationships attempting to attribute causes and effects and basing conclusions on scientific evidence?

Which of the following does systematic study used to look at relationship to attribute causes and effects?

Which of the following fields of study is most likely to involve studying organizational groups and teams leadership power and conflict?

Which of the following seeks to measure explain and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals?