The term “localisation barriers to trade” applies to a range of measures that favour domestic industry at the expense of foreign competitors. While many localisation barriers have been around for a number of years, they are being applied with increasing frequency. This includes recent country-specific 'Made in XX' or 'Buy XX' programmes introduced by many national governments. Show
The fastest growing of these measures are local content requirements (LCRs), which are policies imposed by governments that require firms to use domestically-manufactured goods or domestically-supplied services in order to operate in an economy. There has been a substantial increase in the use of these measures in recent years, as governments try to achieve a variety of policy objectives that target employment, industrial, and technological development goals. Despite the long-standing and predominately negative evidence of the impact of LCRs on economic development and trade, they continue to play a significant role in policy today. Since the financial crisis a decade ago, more than 340 localisation measures, including over 145 new local content requirements, have been put in place by governments largely in an effort to improve domestic employment and industrial performance. Analysis by the OECD has shown that for select measures, 80% of disrupted trade is in intermediate goods, disproportionately affecting global value chains. While LCRs may help governments achieve certain short-term objectives, they undermine long-term competitiveness. Work undertaken by the OECD provides evidence of the detrimental effects that LCRs can have on the imposing country’s own economy. While most studies have focused on the long-run inefficiencies caused by LCRs in the affected sector, a study at the OECD study highlights the subsequent costs imposed on the rest of the economy as well. The inefficiencies arising in other sectors due to the LCR actually reduce job growth and opportunities to achieve economies of scale, undermining the original goals for imposing the LCR. By analysing a measurable subset of the trade-related LCR measures using the OECD METRO trade model, our work shows that LCRs cause a decline in global imports and exports across not just trading partners, but for the imposing economy as well. Countries imposing the requirements lose international competitiveness, as illustrated by the reduction in exports in sectors not directly targeted by the LCR. In addition, as sectors that benefit from the LCR consume more domestic resources, other sectors are forced to reduce production or increase imports, leading to a concentration of domestic economic activity. This process ultimately undermines the growth and innovation opportunities that come from a diverse, dynamic economy. The OECD has also done a number of sector-specific studies reviewing the benefits and costs, as well as the effectiveness of LCR policy design for the renewable energy sector, automobile sector, and the oil and gas sector, to name a few. These studies have generally concluded that while LCR policies may achieve certain short-term objectives, they undermine industrial competitiveness and overall employment over the long-run. A standard practice in global expansion is to establish a new business entity. Global businesses may form a foreign subsidiary to take advantage of local technical skills or participate in regional economic activities. While the advantages of foreign subsidiaries may help you expand into new markets and niches with minimum liability to the parent company, the disadvantages of foreign subsidiaries may result in increased compliance costs in the foreign country. A thorough understanding of foreign subsidiary pros and cons will help you decide whether to set up a subsidiary or use an alternative, such as a global Professional Employer Organization or ‘global PEO‘. Things to Consider Before Setting Up a Foreign SubsidiaryConsider the following criteria before setting up a subsidiary in a foreign land. Stability of foreign governmentThe following aspects determine the stability of the local government and its authority when reviewing overseas business options.
It is sensible to seek the services of local consultants over the political and business environment before deciding on any overseas expansion. Your business requirementsYour business cases need to respond to the challenges, adversity, and rewards of expanding overseas. Some strategies to consider are:
The legal structure of the subsidiaryWhen a company decides to register a subsidiary, representatives of the legal and tax departments can determine among common types of entities to choose from -
LLCs are usually the ideal business structure for small businesses as it promises personal liability protection, flexible tax options, management flexibility, less paperwork, and are inexpensive. Eventually, the management chooses the type of legal entity depending on the purpose of the subsidiary, the composition of its interest holders, local jurisdictional requirements, and tax implications. Minimum capital, FDI limits, & business visas in foreign countriesAfter the legal structure of a subsidiary is fixed, parent companies must pay heed to the minimum capital requirement of that particular structure. The minimum capital necessary to form an entity varies by country. For example, forming a foreign subsidiary in several European jurisdictions requires a fixed capital. Most developing countries in Asia & South America base capitalization on reasonableness, operating costs, or practical considerations. Before setting up a subsidiary, it is also essential to evaluate the sectors of the economy ready for foreign direct investment (FDI) without any prior approval from the local government. Additionally, consider the business visa requirements for shareholders/directions of subsidiaries in the proposed jurisdiction. Post-incorporation of a subsidiaryEven after a foreign entity is incorporated, consider additional items like license applications, taxation issues, obtaining payroll and customs numbers, and opening a permanent bank account. Companies also need to take care of the work visas and permits of the foreign employees. Why Should You Establish a Foreign Subsidiary Company?Establishing a subsidiary in a foreign country can be beneficial for a company for several reasons like brand image, access to the market, reduced tax liabilities, etc. The advantages of foreign subsidiaries are discussed in the following paragraphs by identifying the pros and cons of establishing a legal entity in specific regions. Better access to local technical talent in AsiaSome Asian countries, particularly India, Singapore, China, and Japan, have qualified human resources in technical fields and better access to advanced technology. Pros:
Cons:
Taking advantage of free trade zones in UAEThe parent company can establish its foreign subsidiaries in Free Trade Zones without facing extensive barriers to entry. Pros:
Cons:
Enter the most sophisticated markets in the European UnionThe interlocked countries and the closely integrated market makes setting up a foreign subsidiary in the European Union highly lucrative. Pros:
Cons:
Companies prefer the USA to build brand valueAlmost any technology-driven company wants to associate with the USA. Companies form a subsidiary or acquire one in the USA to expand their brand’s reach. Pros:
Cons:
Leveraging local economic opportunitiesAny company can use local economic opportunities in a foreign land to build a profitable business out of it. Pros:
Cons:
Cost-effective productionStarting a subsidiary in a country like China helps companies manufacture cost-effective products. Pros:
Cons:
Does the Global Minimum Tax Impact Foreign Subsidiaries?Previously, the foreign subsidiary advantages and disadvantages depended entirely on the host country’s tax rates. It was a ‘race to the bottom’ with tax competition between governments to attract foreign investment. It may now end with 136 countries signing a deal to ensure global companies pay global minimum tax. The countries behind the global minimum tax rate collectively account for over 90% of the global economy. Economists expect that this global minimum tax rate deal will encourage multinationals to repatriate capital to their country of headquarters, boosting those economies. Multinationals will continue to establish a separate foreign entity and measure the foreign subsidiary’s pros and cons based on business factors as discussed above. Advantages of Establishing a Foreign SubsidiaryForming a new entity or acquiring an established entity in a new market is beneficial for international expansion only after validating all the possible foreign subsidiary pros and cons. Listed are some of the advantages a company gets while establishing a foreign subsidiary: Foreign subsidiaryPros:
The parent company remains protected from business risksThe significant advantage of foreign subsidiaries over a representative or branch office is that it is recognized as a separate legal entity from its parent company. Even though the parent company may hold majority shareholding rights, and the liabilities and risks associated with the failure of the subsidiary are generally kept isolated. This also means that both companies can share liabilities and will separate in terms of tax or regulations. Establish market presenceEstablishing a subsidiary in a foreign country establishes a legal entity in that country. These entities can then market their products to local people and participate in import and export. A local client may prefer to engage and contract with a locally established company. Setting up your legal structure in any target country can gain valuable market perception, adding to your overall brand value and profits. For instance, an American company establishing its subsidiary in the Netherlands will be called a Dutch company and is more likely to attract the local clientele. Protection under local lawsEstablishing a foreign subsidiary means having a legal entity recognized by the local government. Therefore, the enforceability of employment contracts or any legal matter is under the relief of local court systems. High compliance with tax regulationsForming a foreign subsidiary company in any target country will automatically kick in tax regulations and bilateral tax treaty requirements, ensuring the highest levels of compliance in that country. It would automatically cover the risk spectrum usually associated with cross-border trade. Access to a global talent poolOne of the significant advantages of foreign subsidiaries is giving the parent company unlimited access to new markets. Besides, the parent company can hire full-time employees abroad directly based on their skill set. New business relationsEstablishing a legal entity also helps parent companies form business relations with local partners in foreign countries. They can, in turn, utilize localized knowledge and set up joint ventures. This will help boost the company’s revenue. Flexibility of investmentSince the parent company controls a foreign subsidiary's assets, it may invest as much or as little into the subsidiary. The level of investment depends on risks associated with the new market location or the business niche. Not just that, if a foreign subsidiary company fails to achieve its desired outcomes, the parent or the holding company can choose to sell it and get its investment back. Physical asset acquisitionEngaging the services of foreign independent contractors, BPOs, or even an Employer of Record (EOR) is usually preferred for quicker global expansion. However, establishing a foreign subsidiary protects your manufacturing or any other business requiring real estate acquisition or other physical assets. Disadvantages of Establishing Foreign SubsidiariesSubsidiaries also have certain disadvantages. Foreign subsidiaryCons:
Working problems in a foreign countryA foreign subsidiary is a local legal entity in its place of incorporation. However, any legal or financial action could have implications for the parent companies. Thus, the usual problems of working in a foreign country also apply. As a foreign subsidiary is not developed organically in that country, it may have to face cultural and political issues. These could negatively affect the foreign subsidiary’s growth. Following local procedures and regulations to mitigate may increase compliance costs. Not suitable for a cost-plus approachThe significant disadvantage of foreign subsidiaries comes into play when it sells products based on cost-plus pricing. Since the subsidiary is now contracting and invoicing locally, it increases local maintenance costs, adds tax complexities, and requires local signatories. Usually, the cost-plus pricing strategy involves adding a fixed percentage on top of a unit cost and arriving at the selling price. Regulatory complianceIn the past few decades, the rise of global trade has forced national governments to open doors for foreign companies to set up their subsidiaries. Subsequently, several employment law violations, corporate malpractices, and international banking frauds have also made headlights. In the context of the ever-changing regulatory landscape, a foreign subsidiary must stay updated on changes to national/regional/local tax laws, payroll withholdings, employment law changes, and banking regulations, to name a few. Bureaucratic hurdles within the parent companyTaking decisions on a company level can become demanding for both the parent and the daughter company. It would mean that the decision-making process will take significantly longer and thus will involve more people. Finally, both companies might have to hire a legal team to navigate the legislation differences in both countries. Resource curseAs established already, one of the advantages of foreign subsidiaries is to tap into the local technical talent. However, practical difficulties in finding the right talent will always be a challenge. Hence, we refer to it as a resource curse. There are optimized solutions available for staffing. Outsourcing the talent acquisition to trained professionals who are well versed with local laws and customs in the host country can choose the best candidates for any job opening in the subsidiary company. Wrapping UpAfter an elaborate discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of foreign subsidiaries, we recommend hiring an experienced team to aid your expansion efforts. Companies must be aware of all government rules and tax regulations to hire local employees and set up a subsidiary in another country. The procedure to set up a foreign subsidiary is time-consuming and expensive. Global businesses can switch to new-age EOR/PEO business solutions like Multiplier. Our SaaS-based platform allows companies to pass setting up a new business entity when entering global markets. Partnering with the latest international EOR/PEO solutions from Multiplier can reduce costs for your company by taking over your global HR functions in over 150+ countries so that you can concentrate on your business. Is political risk that affects only a specific firm or firms?Micro risks are firm-specific political risks that affect businesses that conduct operations outside their home country borders. These risks do not impact all companies or industries doing business in a foreign country but instead impact a specific firm.
What refers to the government action to dispossess a foreign company or investor?Expropriation—governmental action. to dispossess a foreign company or. investor.
Which results in a loss of assets without compensation?What Is Forfeiture? Forfeiture is the loss of any property without compensation as a result of defaulting on contractual obligations, or as a penalty for illegal conduct.
Which of the following terms is used to refer to the exchange of goods and services?Bartering is the exchange of goods or services.
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