Which of the following most accurately reflects Eriksons view of identity quizlet?

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1. Social Science
2. Psychology
3. Developmental Psychology

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Midterm Review

Terms in this set (50)

Chapter 2: The epigenome is the full set of factors, from the cell to the outside world, that controls the expression of

Answers:
hereditary material.
recessive genes.
the zygote.
histones.

hereditary material.

Chapter 2: Based on your knowledge of prenatal development, which of the following sequences would you expect to be correct?
Answers:

The heart begins to form before the hands.
The hands begin to form before the heart.
The legs begin to form before the head.
The feet begin to form before the lungs.

The heart begins to form before the hands

Chapter 2: Which of the following statements is true about the effects of teratogens on the developing fetus?

Answers:
Any given teratogen usually has the same effect regardless of when in prenatal development exposure occurs.
The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.
A teratogen will usually have the same effect regardless of how much exposure the fetus has to the teratogen.
Ancient Greeks believed in teratogens, but modern science has been unable to identify any.

The kind of damage done depends on the stage of development during exposure.

Chapter 2: Ms. Dawson recently gave birth to twins, a girl and a boy. Which of the following statements about them must be true?

Answers:
They share 100% of their genes.
They are monozygotic.
They are dizygotic.
They originated from a single zygote.

They are dizygotic

Chapter 2: Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity?

Answers:
Cells from the hippocampus are instrumental in encoding memories.
The 3 year-old's brain is approximately three-fourths of its adult size.
Fetal brains grow quickly, increasing in weight over the course of pregnancy.
Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light.

Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light.

Chapter 2: Neurons communicate with each other

Answers:
by means of chemicals that are present in the spaces between them.
by means of dendrites touching other dendrites.
by means of electrical impulses that radiate out of the myelin sheath.
by means of connections with glial cells.

by means of chemicals that are present in the spaces between them.

Chapter 2: Myelinization is the process which involves

Answers:
neurons migrating to the temporal lobes.
separating the left and right hemispheres of the cortex.
coating the axon with a fatty sheath that improves conduction of electrical impulses.
development of the nuclei of the brain.

coating the axon with a fatty sheath that improves conduction of electrical impulses.

Chapter 2: Which of the following is true with respect to the impact of nurture on the fetus's developing brain?

Answers:
Fetal brain development is almost totally dependent upon the the fetus's genetic inheritance because it has no environmental experience in the womb.
The development of the lower, primitive areas of the brain depend upon nature but the higher levels depend upon nurture.
Mothers can advance the fetus's intelligence significantly by speaking out loud in foreign languages during pregnancy.
The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound.

The establishment of some synaptic connections in the fetal brain depends upon environmental input, like sound.

Chapter 2: Most postnatal growth depends upon the proliferation of

Answers:
synapses.
myelination.
neurotransmitters.
glial cells.

synapses.

Chapter 2: For most mental illnesses and behavioral disorders, like alcoholism and clinical depression, the genetic contribution can best be described as

Answers:
the result of a pair of recessive, defective genes.
the result of a dominant, defective gene.
the result of a single gene mutation.
polygenic.

polygenic.

Chapter 3: Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory?

Answers:
a. Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas, such as understanding causality, morality, agency, etc.
b. Piaget believed that children's progress through the stages could vary. For example, very intelligent children could skip a stage.
c. Piaget believed in the dynamic quality of stages and understood that children in the same stage could vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality, morality, and so forth.
d. Piaget believed that children could vary in their understanding of morality but that their understanding of causality was the same for all children within a particular stage

c. Piaget believed in the dynamic quality of stages and understood that children in the same stage could vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality, morality, and so forth.

.Chapter 3: Ms. Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter, who is afraid of the dark. He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV. Ms. Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters, but to no avail. Peter still refuses to go to sleep. What Piegetian idea helps to explain why Peter does not understand the truth about the unreality of TV monsters?

Answers:
Peter assimilates the information that monsters are not real and accomodates the true information into his schema about monsters.
Peter fails to assimilate the idea that monsters are not real.
Peter may assimilate the information about monsters, but he lacks the knowledge structures needed to accommodate the new information into his existing framework.
Peter accommodates the information that monsters are not real but fails to assimilate it into his existing schema about monsters.

Peter may assimilate the information about monsters, but he lacks the knowledge structures needed to accommodate the new information into his existing framework.

Chapter 3: Assimilation can be describes as ______________ and accommodation can be described as _________________.

Answers:
Incorporating information/ quantifying information.
Incorporating information/ restructuring information.
Restructuring information/ incorporating information.
Quantifying information/ restructuring information.

Incorporating information/ restructuring information.

Chapter 3: Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include

Answers:
Crawling, scribbling with a crayon, interpreting facial expressions.
Sitting without support, playing with simple toys, 20/20 vision.
Rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects.
Standing with support, reaching for objects, visual preference for faces.

Rolling over, reaching for objects, visual tracking moving objects.

Chapter 3: In a number conservation task a set of discrete items is laid out in two rows. They are first laid out in exactly the same way, and then one row is moved so that the items are farther apart. Typically, 3- and 4-year-olds

Answers:
recognize that the rows have the same number when they are arranged identically, but believe there are more items when they are farther apart.
have no trouble with simple number conservation tasks like this, but make mistakes with more abstract math problems.
can easily decenter from the number of objects to consider the spacing of items at the same time.
realize that the number of items is conserved when they are moved around, because they take into account all the relevant observations at once.

recognize that the rows have the same number when they are arranged identically, but believe there are more items when they are farther apart.

Chapter 3: Which cognitive achievement underlies a baby's ability to form an attachment to a specific adult, like a parent or other caregiver?

Answers:
Conservation.
Object Permanence.
Code switching.
Agency.

Object Permanence.

Chapter 3: Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-week-old Keith. Same is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers cognitive development, what would you tell Sam?

Answers:
Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet.
Daria is probably exhibiting a stress response that suggests the family may need some counseling.
Daria is probably exhibiting separation distress which is normal for children her age.
Daria is probably exhibiting a failure to show empathy and needs more training in this area.

Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet

Chapter 3: Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently construct a definition for each word they learn, but rather they learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called

Answers:
scaffolding.
operational thought.
tools and signs.
mediated learning.

mediated learning.

Chapter 3: Which of the following is the best example of the concept of a zone of proximal development?

Answers:
Sherri works on her algebra homework for two hours without being able to answer a single question correctly.
Jeff makes a note of the homework assignment for his last period class and completes it while riding home on the school bus.
Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her homework.
A mother shows her 8-month-old infant flashcards of words in different languages while she repeats each word on the card.

Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her homework.

Chapter 3: Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking out loud to one's self) played an important role in cognitive development by

Enabling young children to express and understand their emotions.
Helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor to self-regulation.
Scaffolding young children's zone of proximal development.
Revealing children's idiosyncratic thinking.

Helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor to self-regulation

Chapter 4: When Tamara responds to the crying of her 4-month-old baby, Jessie, she tries to figure out what has caused the baby's distress (hunger, wet diaper, etc.) while making soothing sounds and holding the baby. Tamara's actions are ___________ Jessie's developing emotion regulation abilities.

Answers:
blocking
irrelevant to
scaffolding
disorganizing

scaffolding

Chapter 4: The still-face paradigm has been used primarily to study

Answers:
emotion regulation in infants.
mother-infant attachment.
the effects of disciplinary style on self-control.
temperament

emotion regulation in infants.

Chapter 4: Bea is the mother of 4-month-old Alex. She has been depressed since Alex's birth and is frequently withdrawn. Because of Bea's depression, we can expect that, in comparison to other 4-month-olds, Alex experiences will display

Answers:
less self-regulation.
more active face-to-face interactions.
less crying and distress.
more fearfulness and turning away.

more fearfulness and turning away.

Chapter 4: In Bowlby's attachment theory, which of the following represents a primary outcome of the formation of attachments in infancy?

Answers:
A working model of self, of others, and of relationships.
Basic trust in others, but not a sense of self or of relationships.
A sense of power structure of a family.
A belief in God.

A working model of self, of others, and of relationships.

Chapter 4: In Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) study of attachment formation, some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others. One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies, showed less warmth and affection than other mothers, and were more rejecting and angry. When their babies were tested in the strange situation test, the children tended to fit which category of attachment?

Answers:
Securely attached.
Anxious ambivalent.
Avoidant.
Disorganized/disoriented.

Avoidant

Chapter 4: Some babies produce contradictory behaviors in the strange situation test, both showing some signs of approaching the mother when stressed but then avoiding the mother when she approaches. These babies often engage in bizarre behaviors as well, like rising to greet the parent and then falling prone. Such unusual behavior has been found to be associated with what kind of caregiving on the part of the mother?

Answers:
Warm, responsive, sensitive caregiving.
Abusive caregiving.
Inconsistent caregiving, sometimes sensitive and sometimes not.
Low warmth, rejecting caregiving.

Abusive caregiving.

Chapter 4: At 10 months old, Suzie is very active, responds intensely to stimulation, avoids new stimulation, and tends to be irritable and fussy. Her temperament would be called

Answers:
difficult.
easy.
slow to warm.
resilient.

difficult

Chapter 4: Developmental researchers use the term "goodness of fit" to refer to

Answers:
the match between the mother's and baby's blood type.
the similarity of the genotype of the mother and the genotype of the father.
the match between the caregiver's responses to a child and the child's temperament.
the tendency of the caregiver to coordinate eye contact and vocalization with a baby

the match between the caregiver's responses to a child and the child's temperament.

Chapter 4: Which of the following is a true statement about the stability of infant attachments?

Answers:
Secure attachments are more likely to change than insecure attachments.
If attachments fail to form by the end of infancy they will never successfully form.
Changes in family stressors that lead to changes in caregiving quality can lead to shifts in attachment quality.
Caregiver interventions cannot change infant attachment quality.

Changes in family stressors that lead to changes in caregiving quality can lead to shifts in attachment quality.

Chapter 4: The quality of a children's attachments has been found to affect

Answers:
children's social anxiety, but not their response to stress.
whether children achieve major motor milestones.
children's temperamental reponses.
how children respond to new social situations.

how children respond to new social situations.

Chapter 6: Stanley is 7 years old. His parents are quite concerned about his school progress. Although he has begun to learn to read, he reverses some letters when he writes. Based on research, Stanley's school counselor should tell his parents that

a.if a child shows normal progress in other reading related skills, like Stanley does, the child is probably faking the letter reversals in a bid for attention
b.Stanley almost certainly has a serious learning disorder which requires immediate intervention.
c.brain development can be quite uneven in childhood and as a result, it is not unusual for children to show poor performance in isolated skills
d. Stanley needs glasses

c.brain development can be quite uneven in childhood and as a result, it is not unusual for children to show poor performance in isolated skills

Chapter 6: The maturing of the corpus callosum by middle childhood is especially important for

Answers:
a.planning
b.motor coordinator
c.logical thinking
d.perspective taking

b. motor coordinator

Chapter 6: Piaget's description of the differences between preoperational thought (characteristic of preschool aged children) and concrete operational thought (characteristic of elementary school aged children), includes which of the following?

Answers:
a.Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered.
b.Preoperational thought is reversible, but concrete operational thought is not
c.Preoperational thought is fast, but concrete operational thought is slow.
d.Preoperational thought occurs in the frontal lobes, but concrete operational thought occurs in the corpus callosum.

a. Preoperational thought is centered, but concrete operational thought is decentered.

Chapter 6: The more you know about a particular domain of knowledge,

Answers:
a.the more difficult it is to learn information in other domains of knowledge
b.the more easily you can learn new information in that domain.
c.the more difficult it is to learn new information in that domain.
d.the more slowly you will solve problems in that domain.

b.the more easily you can learn new information in that domain.

Chapter 6: NeoPiagetians are

Answers:
a.applying Piaget's concepts to therapeutic interventions.
b.psychologists who abandoned Piaget's model in favor of information processing theories.
c.cognitive developmental theorists who incorporate ideas from Piaget and from information processing approaches into their theories.
d.cognitive developmental theorists who dismiss the ideas of information processing approaches and argue for a return to Piaget's original theoretical work.

c.cognitive developmental theorists who incorporate ideas from Piaget and from information processing approaches into their theories.

Chapter 6: Eight-year-old Marquita has spent a great deal of time learning basic addition facts. When she solves a complex addition problem in school, she pulls these facts out of memory. Marquita is using a ____________ strategy to help her solve addition problems.

Answers:
a.production
b.counting on
c.retrieval
d.reversible

c.retrieval

Chapter 6: Friendship, according to Selman, requires balancing

Answers:
intimacy and autonomy
bullying and giving in
transforming and maintaining
conflict and harmony

intimacy and autonomy

Chapter 6: Before using cognitive therapies with children, which of the following is an important area of cognitive skill that clinicians should assess in their young clients?

Answers:
a.Metacognitive skill
b.Episodic memory
c.Nondeclarative knowledge
d.Long-term memory

Metacognitive skill

Chapter 6: Both Sam and Suzanna, age 11, are having trouble making friends. A counselor assesses each of them for social interactive skills and discovers that Sam has poor perspective-taking skills for his age. Suzanna actually has good perspective-taking skills, but she fails to use these skills effectively when interacting with others. In Selman's terms, these two children show different levels of ____________ but similar levels of ____________.

Answers:
a.other-transforming strategies / self-transforming strategies
b.competence/performance
c.performance / competence
d.self-transforming strategies / other-transforming strategies

b.competence/performance

Chapter 6: Jeremy, a 2nd grader, is in the counselor's office because he hit another boy on the playground. He tells the counselor that he knew the other boy was about to hit him first. He was just "getting back" at the other student. The counselor tries to help Jeremy control his aggressive behavior by explaining that the other boy didn't intend to hurt him. Given what you have learned about social development, which of the following is your best recommendation for the counselor?

Answers:
a.Jeremy needs to be punished for his behavior, because no amount of talking will do any good at his age.
b.The counselor should call Jeremy's parents and they should resolve the problem because they are the primary socializing agents.
c.The counselor's approach is a good one because most children can infer the intentions and take the perspective of others around this time.
d.Jeremy probably doesn't have a good understanding of another person's intentions at this age. The counselor should assess the quality of Jeremy's perspective-taking and structure the intervention accordingly.

d.Jeremy probably doesn't have a good understanding of another person's intentions at this age. The counselor should assess the quality of Jeremy's perspective-taking and structure the intervention accordingly.

Chapter 9/11: Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system. Which of the following explains the beginning of this process?

Answers:
a. The hypothalamus controls the development of secondary sex characteristics.
b.The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream.
c.Sexual development comes under the control of the thyroid.
d.The adrenal gland influences the growth of secondary sex characteristics.

b.The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream.

Chapters 9/11: Which of the following is not an illustration of formal operational thought?

Answers:
a.Farouk creates a story about a society that is free from war, suffering, and death.
b.Cai writes a paper discussing how satire is used in a popular comic strip to promote deeper thinking.
c.Alyssa classifies information about the main branches of the US government by drawing a diagram of various departments within each branch.
d.Cody generates all the possible combinations of numbers from a seven digit telephone number.

c.Alyssa classifies information about the main branches of the US government by drawing a diagram of various departments within each branch.

Chapter 9/11: Studies show that formal operational thinking is

Answers:
a.is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts
b.easily grasped by all students by the time they enter high school.
c.demonstrated by all normal adults.
d.easily grasped by average students by the time they enter college.

is more common among older adolescents and adults, particularly in domains where they have experience in thinking about abstract concepts

Chapters 9/11: Which of the following is the best example of a characteristic form of adolescent egocentrism?

Answers:
a.Fourteen-year-old Erika buys gifts for other members of her family based on what she likes to receive. She doesn't worry about what her family members' preferences are.
b.Fourteen-year-old Breanna believes that her pastor is hypocritical because he lives in a nice house. She thinks it should be sold to feed the poor.
c.Fourteen-year-old Jordan believes he is a superior student despite having a learning disability.
d.Fourteen-year-old Derek can not understand the concept of probability when his math teacher introduces statistics

b.Fourteen-year-old Breanna believes that her pastor is hypocritical because he lives in a nice house. She thinks it should be sold to feed the poor.

Chapter 9/11: Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson's view of identity?

Answers:
a.People must go through a traumatic crisis in order to have a solid identity.
b.One's identity provides the answer to the question "Who am I?"
c.Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.
d.Identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin.

Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.

Chapter 9/11: According to Erikson, what are the processes involved in the development of identity?

Answers:
a.Exploration and commitment.
b.Foreclosure and achievement.
c.Exploration and moratorium.
d.Diffusion and commitment

a.Exploration and commitment.

Chapter 9/11: Rasheed is a 19-year-old college student whose family is making financial sacrifices to pay for his education. So far, his grade point average is not high enough to allow him entrance into the pre-med program, the course of study he intends to pursue. He also works part time as a youth counselor, a job he really likes. He is considering changing his major to education. According to Marcia's categories of identity status, which category would you assign to Rasheed with regard to his vocational identity?

Answers:
a.Achieved
b.Foreclosed
c.Moratorium
d.Diffusion

c.Moratorium

Chapter 9/11: Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called

Answers:
a.emerging adulthood
b.early adulthood
c.young adulthood
d.youth

a.emerging adulthood

Chapter 9/11: Despite the disagreements among theorists about the existence of a fifth stage of cognitive development, nearly all agree that

Answers:
a.memory ability declines as people enter the fifth stage.
b.thinking about adult real-life problems tends to become increasingly relativistic.
c.as people enter adulthood, they apply concrete operational skills to the concrete problems of daily life.
d.solving real-life problems is easier if a person uses formal operational thinking skills.

b.thinking about adult real-life problems tends to become increasingly relativistic.

Chapter 9/11: Which of these is the best definition of relativistic thought according to Perry?

Answers:
a.People relate to each other because everyone is in search of absolute truth.
b.Weighing evidence and deciding upon the most defensible alternative.
c.Relativistic thinking is a stage that supersedes the ability to see inherent contradictions.
d.Every person has a right to his or her own opinion and no one should feel that his or her opinion is better than any other.

b.Weighing evidence and deciding upon the most defensible alternative.

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