b.backcountry social and ethnic tensions.c.fears about dangers of divisive political parties.d.difficulties over trade and foreign relations.Questions 27-32 refer to the quotation below.“The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations tohave with them as littlepoliticalconnection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagementslet them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop.…The Unity of Government whichconstitutes you one people…is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence…your tranquility athome; your peace abroad.…I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, withparticular reference to founding them on geographical discriminations.…The Spirit of Party…isinseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists underdifferent shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of thepopular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominion ofone faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge…is itself a frightful despotism; but this leadsat length to a more formal and permanent despotism.”George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796From James D. Richardson, ed.,A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1896–1899), 1:205–216 passim.27.The speech above best reflects which of the following continuities in United States history? Show
Get answer to your question and much more 28.Which of the following most directly prompted the arguments in the speech above? Get answer to your question and much more Written by: Edward G. Lengel, The National World War II MuseumBy the end of this section, you will:
Fundamental discoveries about the nature of the atom took place during the most war-torn century in human history. By the 1920s and 1930s, scientists were intensively studying the military ramifications of atomic power. In 1938, German chemist Otto Hahn scored a breakthrough by not only splitting the uranium atom but also discovering the immense explosive potential of the process. He and other German scientists immediately moved on to focus their research on creating an atomic bomb for the Nazi state. Scientists in other nations quickly became aware of the German work in this field and initiated atomic programs of their own. Nuclear research in Britain, led by German scientists who had fled the Nazi regime, surged ahead with the discovery that it would be possible to build a bomb with only small quantities of the rare isotope uranium-235. Lacking this knowledge, and assuming it would take many years to acquire the supplies necessary to build a bomb, German scientists had slowed their work by the early 1940s. But other scientists did not know this. On August 2, 1939, famed scientist Albert Einstein wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt urging him to accelerate his country’s atomic program to ensure that the Germans did not develop the bomb first. An alarmed Roosevelt responded energetically, especially after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the American entry into World War II in Europe and Asia. Led by his scientific advisors to believe that, with great effort, an atomic weapon could be developed by 1944, on June 17, 1942, the president initiated the atomic program that came to be called the Manhattan Project. Unlike the Germans, who assumed they would win the war quickly and that continuing their atomic program was thus not worth the trouble, the Americans and British anticipated a long conflict and so were deeply committed to their projects. They shared information with each other along the way, but not with the Soviet Union. Soviet espionage nevertheless monitored the Anglo-American programs with a degree of success that was not known until many years later. The Manhattan Project, named after a supervisory district of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Manhattan, New York, oversaw the U.S. atomic program. It was headed by General Leslie R. Groves and carried out its work at facilities in Illinois, Tennessee, Washington state, and New Mexico ([link]Figure_12_03_ManProjMap[/link]). Progress was rapid, thanks not just to scientific work but to America’s vast industrial capacity. In December 1942, scientists Enrico Fermi and Arthur Compton created the first-ever uranium chain reaction in the basement of the University of Chicago’s football stadium. In a facility built the following year on a mesa at Los Alamos, New Mexico, meanwhile, scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer and his team worked to create the first atomic bomb. (a) Enrico Fermi, one of the Manhattan Project scientists, created the first nuclear reactor, the Chicago Pile-1. (b) Important sites associated with the Manhattan Project were scattered across the country. The expenses of the top-secret Manhattan Project were concealed from Congress, subsumed in appropriations for the War Department. By the time the war ended, they totaled approximately $2 billion, dwarfing every other wartime military project except the creation of the B-29 Superfortress bomber. Roosevelt ensured that his atomic scientists were never short of funds, however, knowing that if the project succeeded, no one would question the cost. The first bomb was nearly complete at the time of President Roosevelt’s death on April 12, 1945. New president Harry S. Truman ordered the program to move forward despite Germany’s impending surrender, with a view toward possibly using the weapon against Japan. While the interim committee Truman created considered the military, political, and moral advisability of using the bomb, Oppenheimer’s team completed the first-ever atomic weapon and prepared it for testing. The test, codenamed “Trinity,” took place on July 16, 1945, in the desert at Alamogordo, New Mexico, 200 miles south of Los Alamos. The device, mounted on a metal tower, consisted of just 13.5 pounds of plutonium encased in two-and-a-half tons of explosives. It exploded at 5:29 a.m. to devastating effect, equal to the detonation of almost 20,000 tons of TNT. Groves and Oppenheimer witnessed the atomic fireball expand into a mushroom cloud visible 60 miles away. Horrified by what he saw, Oppenheimer called to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita: “Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.” But it was too late to turn back. The world had entered the nuclear age. (a) In 1945, the mushroom cloud from the first atomic weapon test, “Trinity,” could be seen as far as 60 miles away. (b) J. Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves inspect the aftermath of the explosion at Alamogordo, New Mexico, in July 1945. On August 6, the Enola Gay, a B-29 Superfortress, dropped the uranium bomb nicknamed Little Boy, which exploded with the force of 12,500 tons of TNT 1,900 feet above the Japanese city of Hiroshima. With a blinding flash and rising mushroom cloud, the blast and resulting firestorm obliterated the city and destroyed 70,000 buildings. People were vaporized from the blast and their shadows imprinted on walls. An estimated 70,000 to 80,000 civilians and soldiers were immediately killed, and thousands later died of radiation poisoning and burns. Tormented survivors were disfigured with hanging skin and burns. President Truman sent public messages announcing the dropping of an atomic bomb and threatened more if Japan refused to surrender. Still, the Japanese government fought on. On August 9, another B-29 bomber dropped a plutonium bomb called Fat Man on Nagasaki, with an even larger blast equivalent to 22,000 tons of TNT. Due to significant cloud cover this second bomb missed its target by a wide margin, somewhat limiting its destructive impact. Nevertheless, it killed at least 30,000 people and caused suffering for thousands of survivors. Over the next five days, conventional bombings of other major cities killed an additional 15,000 Japanese. Finally, on August 14, Japan surrendered and World War II ended. The development of the atomic bomb and the ensuing arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union, along with their allies, ushered in the nuclear age and imperiled all humanity. Although the only atomic bombs ever used were those dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, the Cold War led to the credible threat of their additional use and the fear of widespread destruction. Review Questions1. The costs associated with the Manhattan Project did not lead to protest primarily because
2. The atomic explosion at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945
3. Development of the atomic bomb in the United States during the 1940s occurred
4. The American scientist who oversaw the Manhattan Project was
5. The scientific advances behind the Manhattan Project primarily benefited from
Free Response Questions
AP Practice Questions
Albert Einstein, Letter to President Franklin Roosevelt, August 2, 1939 Refer to the excerpt provided.1. The sentiments expressed in the excerpt most directly led to the
2. Which group would most likely support the argument made in the excerpt?
3. This excerpt was written in response to the
Primary SourcesEinstein, Albert. 1939 letter to President Roosevelt. http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/pdfs/docsworldwar.pdf “Trinity Test Eyewitnesses.” Atomic Heritage Foundation. https://www.atomicheritage.org/key-documents/trinity-test-eyewitnesses Suggested ResourcesBird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Knopf, 2005. Chambers, John Whiteclay, ed. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1999. Conant, Jennet. 109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005. Kelly, Cynthia C., ed. Manhattan Project: The Birth of the Atomic Bomb in the Words of its Creators, Eyewitnesses, and Historians. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal, 2009. Kunetka, James. The General and the Genius: Groves and Oppenheimer – The Unlikely Partnership that Built the Atom Bomb. New York: Regnery, 2015. Rhodes, Richard. The Making of the Atomic Bomb. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987. Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994. What situation most likely caused the sentiments expressed above?What situation most likely cause the sentiments expressed above? Americans grew angry when French officials demanded a large loan to the French government and the payment of a £50,000 bribe in order to receive American diplomats.
Which of the following historical developments most directly contributed to woodmason's complaints?widespread Protestant evangelical religious revivals. 2) Which of the following historical developments most directly contributed to Woodmason's complaints? nativists toward the influx of European immigrants in the mid-1800s.
Which of the following antebellum era developments most directly contradicted the Jeffersonian goals expressed in the excerpt?Which of the following antebellum era historical developments most directly contradicted the Jeffersonian goals expressed in the excerpt? the emergence of a new national culture.
Which of the following best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century?Which of the following best describes the overarching goals of the Populist Party in the late nineteenth century? An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free-silver" campaign.
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