Which of the following most likely explains the significant reduction of immigration during the 1870s and 1890s?

Abstract

What determines immigration policy? The literature here is not nearly as mature as that for trade policy, so this article must be viewed as an initial effort to establish the main empirical outlines. The authors construct and index of immigration policy for five countries of immigration-Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and the United States- for 1860-1930, that is, during and shortly after the age of mass migration. The exercise reveals that the doors to the New World did not suddenly slam shut on immigrants after World War I, as is typically illustrated by citing the passage of the Emergency Quota Act by the US Congress in 1921. Instead, there was a gradual closing of the doors, although the rate and timing of the closing varied across countries. The authors find that poor wage performance and the perceived threat from more, low-quality foreign workers were the main influences on shifts in immigration policy. They also offer some support for the idea that immigration policy was as much an interactive process as were the tariff policies of the time.

Journal Information

Founded in 1975, Population and Development Review seeks to advance knowledge of the interrelationships between population and socioeconomic development and provides a forum for discussion of related issues of public policy. Combining readability with scholarship, the journal draws on high-level social science expertise-in economics, anthropology, sociology, and political science-to offer challenging ideas, provocative analysis, and critical insights. Each issue includes a lively collection of book reviews and an archives section that brings to light historical writings with a resonance for contemporary population debate. Supplements to the journal also are available.

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Further stories about the journeys made by Australian immigrants can be found at Melbourne's Immigration Museum and other cultural heritage organisations. A wealth of additional information is available online and in print.

Cultural Heritage Organisations

Immigration Museum
museumsvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum
Old Customs House, 400 Flinders Street, Melbourne, Victoria
Telephone 03 9927 2700 or Education Bookings 03 9927 2754
Exhibitions explore stories of people from all over the world who have migrated to Victoria since the 1830s. Education programs and Immigration Discovery Centre provide resources for all ages.

Migration Museum
migration.history.sa.gov.au
82 Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, South Australia
Telephone 08 8207 7580
Exhibitions focus on immigration history, cultural diversity and settlement in South Australia. Education programs actively promote cultural and ethnic tolerance.

National Museum of Australia
www.nma.gov.au
Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula, Canberra, ACT
Telephone 02 6208 5000

Online Resources

Australian Bureau of Statistics
www.abs.gov.au
A range of information and statistics online, including: Migration Australia (series 3412.0), recent Year Books and the Population Clock.

Australian Centre for the Moving Image (ACMI)
www.acmi.net.au
Exhibitions include Transiting Bonegilla short films by women who passed through this post-war Migrant Reception Centre, and an extensive catalogue of films and videos available for loan. These include Mike and Stefani, a documentary-style production released in 1952 to publicise Australia's participation in the international program to re-settle the 'Displaced Persons of Europe' after World War II.

Australian Human Rights Commission
www.humanrights.gov.au
An organisation set up to foster greater understanding and protection of human rights in Australia and to address the human rights concerns of individuals and groups.

Citizenship in Australia: A Guide to Commonwealth Government Records
guides.naa.gov.au/citizenship
Materials held by the National Archive, collected under themes such as nationality and citizenship, naturalisation, the treatment of aliens, assimilation, concepts of racial and national identity. Available in print: 114p, 1999, ISBN 0 642 34408 6, No. 10.
Also More People Imperative: Immigration to Australia, 1901–39
guides.naa.gov.au/more-people-imperative
An overview and guide to records in the National Archives collection on Commonwealth immigration policies from 1901 to 1939, including both those that encouraged and those that restricted immigration. Available in print: 236p, 1999, ISSN 1326 7078, No. 7.

Department of Home Affairs
www.homeaffairs.gov.au
Includes current Australian immigration information: www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/immigration-and-visas

Documenting a Democracy
www.foundingdocs.gov.au
This Australian National Archives website tells the story of Australia through the documents which give our national, state and territory governments the right to govern. It includes copies of Immigration Acts and related documents grouped by date, State or theme (e.g. Immigration Restriction Act: www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-sdid-87.html).

Horizons: The peopling of Australia since 1788
www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/horizons/home
Extracts from an ongoing exhibition at the National Museum of Australia about the 10 million people who have migrated to Australia since 1788, where they come from, and how migration has shaped the nation we know today.

Immigration and Nation-Building
www.abc.net.au/federation/fedstory/ep2/ep2_events.htm
Section of the Federation Story project produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation for Australia's centenary of Federation.

The papers of James Günther, 1837–42
www.newcastle.edu.au/centre/wvp/papersofjamesgunther
Vol 3 Transcripts of Letters and Journals sent to the London Corresponding Committee of the Church Missionary Society, 1837-42. Letters 1-3 include first hand accounts of a weather-affected voyage to Australia in 1887.

Monash University Centre for Population and Urban Research
arts.monash.edu.au/cpur
Publications include People and Place, which presents information on migration patterns and related topics (past editions are free to download).

National Archives of Australia
www.naa.gov.au
Extensive records and information services, including Making Australia Home – a service that provides migrants and their descendants with copies of records that document their family's arrival and settlement in Australia: www.naa.gov.au/collection/explore/migration/home.aspx

National Film and Sound Archive (formerly ScreenSound Australia)
www.nfsa.gov.au
An extensive catalogue of films and videos is available online; many can be viewed at NFSA Offices or Access Centres. Education programs are also available, including Voices and Visions based on the film Mike and Stefani (as for ACMI listing above).

Newspapers

The Age
www.theage.com.au

The Australian
www.theaustralian.com.au

The Courier-Mail
www.couriermail.com.au

Mercury
www.themercury.com.au

The Sydney Morning Herald
www.smh.com.au

The West Australian
thewest.com.au

Origins: Immigrant Communities in Victoria
museumvictoria.com.au/origins
An overview based on census data 1854–2006, with the immigration histories of 70 communities presented in English and community languages.

Parliament of Australia
www.aph.gov.au
Includes current parliamentary committee reports on migration, related issues such as detention centres, Hansards and much more, including historical information.

Refugee Review Tribunal
www.rrt.gov.au
Database of published reports, together with information about the tribunal and its functions; includes a review of decisions made by the Department of Immigration and Citizenship (previously Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs - DIMA).

State Library of Victoria
www.slv.vic.gov.au
A wide range of catalogues and databases online, providing access to digital images of Manuscripts and Pictures (photographs, prints and drawings).

See also:

National Library of Australia
www.nla.gov.au

Northern Territory Library
ntl.nt.gov.au

State Library of New South Wales
www.sl.nsw.gov.au

State Library of Queensland
www.slq.qld.gov.au

State Library of South Australia
www.slsa.sa.gov.au

Libraries Tasmania
libraries.tas.gov.au

State Library of Western Australia
slwa.wa.gov.au

United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)
www.unhcr.org
Up-to-date news, facts and statistics about refugees world-wide.

Victorian Railways
museumsvictoria.com.au/railways
Includes a database of photographs with historic images of Sandridge, Railway and Station Piers.

Resources in Print

Coffey, B R (ed), Sunburnt Country: Stories of Australian Life, Fremantle Arts Press; ISBN 186368364X
A selection of autobiographical stories and short fiction about Australia and Australians of all ages, including some who made the journey to Australia.

Cole-Adams, J and Gauld, J, Australia's Changing Voice, Rigby Heinemann, 2003; ISBN 0 73123 430 8
Before European settlement, over 250 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages were spoken in Australia. Although many of these languages are extinct, a similar number of other languages from around the world are spoken here today. Includes examples of Australian colloquial language from various decades. Also: Our Voices multimedia series for primary students, exploring historical and contemporary issues in Australian life.

Lewis, Robert, Destination Australia: the Migrant Story Study guide, ScreenSound Australia, National Screen and Sound Archive. (Now National Film and Sound Archive)
The story of immigration to Australia – from 1901, when the Immigration Restriction Act was created with Federation, until the late 1970s and 'multiculturalism'.

Gleiztman, Morris. Boy Overboard, Puffin Australia 2002; ISBN 0141308389
Jamal and Bibi have a dream – to lead Australia to soccer glory in the next World Cup. But first they have to face landmines, pirates and storms as the family embarks on a journey, from Afghanistan.
Also: Girl Underground, Puffin Australia 2004; ISBN 0143300466
Bridget wants a quiet life, then a boy called Menzies makes her an offer she can't refuse – a daring plan to rescue two kids, Jamal and Bibi, from a desert detention centre.

Pung, Alice. Unpolished Gem, Black Ink Australia 2006; ISBN 186395158X
The arrival of the author's Cambodian-Chinese family in Melbourne in the 1970s, growing up in Footscray between two cultures, and the constant battle of balancing parents' expectations with one's own.

Which of the following groups during the period from 1865 to 1895 most actively campaigned to increase the money supply?

Which group would be most likely to oppose government intervention?

Which of the following best demonstrates a change or condition that reflected gradys hopes for the South?