Why tackle anemia? Anemia is ignored in most developing countries even though it is one of the most prevalent public health problems and has serious consequences for national development. Iron deficiency causes at least 50% of all anemia, and almost a million deaths a year; three-quarters of the deaths occur in Africa and South-East Asia. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is in the "top ten" risk factors contributing to the global burden of disease. One study estimates the economic costs of IDA at 4.05% of gross domestic product (GDP)—US$2.32 per capita in lost productivity and US$14.46 per capita in lost cognitive function (IDA reduces IQ by half a standard deviation). Worldwide, $50 billion in GDP is lost annually in low-Estimates of Economic Losses from Iron Deficiency Anemia (Cognitive & Productive) as % of GDP income countries due to IDA's effect on productivity. top What causes anemia? Anemia is defined as a low level of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Iron in the hemoglobin molecule fixes oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues where oxygen generates energy for the body. The major clinical symptom of anemia and iron deficiency is pallor and its physical symptom is fatigue resulting in reduced capacity to work. There are three major causes of anemia:
Energy, vitamin A and zinc deficiencies can increase the severity of malaria infection, which may cause or exacerbate anemia. The relative importance of different causes varies by region. Malaria is a major cause of anemia in Sub-Saharan Africa. Iron deficiency is a major cause of anemia in all developing countries, including Africa, where consumption of iron is limited because dietary sources of iron are not affordable by most families. top Anemia prevalence National anemia surveys have been conducted in only 25 developing countries, but WHO estimates that more than 2 billion people worldwide are anemic. A severe public health problem exists when anemia prevalence is >40% in any group. Severe anemia (hemoglobin < 7 g/dL) is a public health problem if prevalence exceeds 2%. Where severe anemia prevalence has been investigated, it is a problem in most countries in Africa and South Asia and some countries in East Asia and the Pacific (e.g., Cambodia). (For country data, see DHS and Galloway, 2003 in Resources and References). top The main ways to combat anemia The three major causes of anemia (iron deficiency, malaria and helminth infections) can be addressed during contacts with vulnerable groups using a combination of key interventions, as needed.
top Program Manager's anemia interventions checklist Know the problem: situation analysis
top Core anemia interventions: Core Interventions, Beneficiaries and Indicators
top For More Information Nutrition Advisory Service Horton, S & J Ross, 2003. The economics of iron deficiency, Food Policy 28:51-75. Available: World Bank Library Resources, e-journals top PDF Version
top What nutrient is important in pregnancy because of the increase in blood volume?Iron is important for your baby's growth and brain development. During pregnancy, the amount of blood in your body increases, so you need more iron for yourself and your growing baby. You should get 27 mg (milligrams) of iron a day.
What increases blood volume in pregnancy?Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
The enhanced activity of the renin-angiotensin and aldosterone systems occurs early in pregnancy, with increases in plasma volume starting at 6 to 8 weeks and rising progressively until 28 to 30 weeks.
What nutrient needs increase during pregnancy?Folic acid, iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin D (in addition to energy and protein), are the main micronutrients for which the requirement physiologically increases during pregnancy and lactation.
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Which of the following nutrient is essential for the increase in blood volume during pregnancy this also plays a major role to prevent anemia?
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