Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

A researcher randomly assigns senior citizens to spend an hour a day taking a ballroom dance class or working on word puzzles. After each class or puzzle session, participants complete a short series of cognitive assessments. What kind of study is the researcher conducting?

Choose one answer.

a. A correlational study
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. A quasi-experiment
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. A nonexperiment
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. A true experiment
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

For a research study, each individual in a group of first graders, a group of third graders, and a group of fifth graders is observed interacting with a preschool-aged sibling on a puzzle task. What type of data collection design is employed in this study?

Choose one answer.

a. Cross-sectional
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Cross-sequential
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Case study
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Longitudinal
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Seven-year-old Amelia is very excited that her new neighbor will be attending the same private school as her; none of the other children in the neighborhood attend that school. As a result of interacting at both home and school, Amelia and her neighbor develop a very close friendship. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which system does this interaction represent?

Choose one answer.

a. Chronosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Exosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Macrosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Mesosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is an important advantage of using the method of controlled observation?

Choose one answer.

a. Participants typically behave as they do in their everyday lives.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Every participant has the same opportunity to demonstrate the behavior of interest.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Most participants respond in similar, predictable ways to the study situation.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The interpretation of data is free from the bias of researchers' theoretical preferences.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is a type of study commonly conducted by behavioral geneticists?

Choose one answer.

a. Participant-observation study
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Quasi-experimental study
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Twin study
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Case study
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that it is important to continue studying development throughout the course of the lifespan?

Choose one answer.

a. Life experiences are cumulative; some of what happens earlier in life affects us later in life.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Development does not stop until death.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Adult development can shed light on early developmental processes.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Adults experience a much greater variety of developmental changes than adolescents or children.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is the main limit of correlational studies?

Choose one answer.

a. They only offer insight into the strength of the relationship between two variables, not the direction.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. They only offer insight into the direction of the relationship between two variables, not the strength.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. They do not permit the researcher to make inferences about cause and effect.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. They require use of multiple control groups.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements is true according to the lifespan perspective on development forwarded by Paul Baltes?

Choose one answer.

a. The study of development should include a focus on both the gains (growth) and losses (declines) that occur throughout the human lifespan.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Adolescence is the developmental period in which there is the greatest plasticity.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. The historical period in which one is born has little impact on personality development in comparison to the unique, nonnormative influences on each individual's life.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Cognitive development proceeds through four distinct stages, unless nonnormative events occur early in life.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory includes the broad values, laws, and customs of one's culture?

Choose one answer.

a. Chronosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Exosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Macrosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Mesosystem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Scientists who conduct research on human development would define the field of development as the study of:

Choose one answer.

a. the characteristics that make humans unique from other species.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. stability and change over time in individuals' abilities and personal characteristics.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. learning that results from direct instruction as well as everyday experiences.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. the specific, kaleidoscopic environmental influences on behavior and personality.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

By 13-15 weeks gestation, a fetus can detect differences in which of the following amniotic fluid characteristics?

Choose one answer.

a. Smell
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Taste
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Color
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Temperature
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Doctors examine infant reflexes at different ages to obtain information on which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Cognitive development
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Personality development
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Attachment
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Neurological development
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Genetic disorders are caused by which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Small mutations in a specific chromosome
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Small mutations in a specific gene
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Unpaired chromosomes
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The environment
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

We call environmental substances and processes that cause birth defects:

Choose one answer.

a. Amnions
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Poisons
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Teratogens
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Mutations
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

We know that in many species, the prenatal environment can have a significant impact on the:

Choose one answer.

a. phenotype.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. genotype.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. pleiotype.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. pattern of polygenic inheritance.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is the earliest physical manifestation of the human brain, formed in the first weeks of gestation?

Choose one answer.

a. Neural ball
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Temporal lobe
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Neural tube
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Spinal cord
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is the first sense to develop in the womb?

Choose one answer.

a. Audition
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Vision
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Taste
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Touch
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

When are we likely to have the most neural connections in the visual cortex?

Choose one answer.

a. At birth
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. At one year of age
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. During early adulthood
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. During old age
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the interaction between genes and experience in the development of the brain?

Choose one answer.

a. Genes act to "fine tune" the results of experience.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Genes provide the basic level of organization, which is then "fine-tuned" by experience.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Experience plays a very small role.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. There is no interaction between genes and experience.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

We use the term genotype to describe which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. The cumulative effects of many genes
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Cellular structures containing genes
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. The internally coded, inheritable information carried by all living organisms
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The effects of the environment on development
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

According to Freud, the superego helps control the animal urges of the:

Choose one answer.

a. id.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. ego.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. latency stage.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. conscience.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

According to Piaget, what is the tendency to interpret objects and events from one's own perspective?

Choose one answer.

a. Egocentrism
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Reversibility
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Seriation
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Animism
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Early differences in language acquisition show a slight advantage for which demographic?

Choose one answer.

a. Girls
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Boys
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Asians
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Bilingual infants
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

For Erikson, the focal point for each stage of human development was a:

Choose one answer.

a. midstage crisis.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. traumatic event.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. pleasant experience.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. psychological conflict.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Fourteen-month-old Andy rarely acknowledges his mother when she returns to pick him up after a half-hour separation. Which attachment type most likely characterizes him?

Choose one answer.

a. Insecure-avoidant
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Insecure-resistant
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Secure
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Disorganized/disoriented
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Handedness, right or left, often appears around what age?

Choose one answer.

a. Six months
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Twelve months
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Two years
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Five years
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In expanding Piaget's ideas, the neo-Piagetians have drawn extensively from which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Information processing theory and psychodynamic theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Linguistic theory and information processing theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Sociocultural theory and object relations theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Linguistic theory and object relations theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In object relations theory, which is true of an object?

Choose one answer.

a. It is that to which a subject relates.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. It is an important possession, such as a toy (for a child) or car (for an adult).
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. It is the current focus of attention, which changes from moment to moment.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. It is a symbol used to represent an important person.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In the Strange Situation, which is used to study attachment behaviors, which of the following occurs?

Choose one answer.

a. The child's primary caretaker pretends that he or she is going on a long trip.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. The child's primary caretaker serves as a secure base from which the child explores.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. A stranger to the child serves as a secure base from which the child explores.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. A stranger to the child pretends to experience anxiety when left alone with the child.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In which age range did Piaget suggest that children are in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

Choose one answer.

a. From birth to approximately two years
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Approximately two to seven years
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Approximately eight to ten years
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. By age twelve years
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Maya can multiply only single-digit numbers on her own, but with her big brother's close guidance, she can multiply three- and four-digit numbers together. What would Vygotsky call the difference between Maya's actual developmental level as determined by what she can multiply on her own and the level of potential development as determined by what she can multiply in collaboration with her brother?

Choose one answer.

a. Zone of distal development
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Zone of proximal development
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Scaffolding zone
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Socio-cultural context
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Piaget called the knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one's own perception or action on those objects:

Choose one answer.

a. constructivism.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. object constancy.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. object permanence.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. conservation.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Research suggests that which of the following has a significant negative effect on cognitive ability in children?

Choose one answer.

a. Malnourishment
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Very high socioeconomic status
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Late-occurring puberty
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Delayed physical growth
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

The behaviorist theory of language development proposes that we learn language through:

Choose one answer.

a. classical conditioning.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. social interactions.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. brain circuits specialized for language.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. operant conditioning.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

The British statistician, Spearman, divided intelligence into which two factors?

Choose one answer.

a. Cognitive and performance
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Motor and cognitive
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Mature and immature
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. General and specific
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

The definition of intelligence includes the ability to:

Choose one answer.

a. communicate verbally.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. solve problems.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. learn from experience.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. recognize patterns quickly.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Twelve-year-old Xavier, who usually does well in school, brings home a report card with two Ds. How would parents who demonstrate Baumrind's authoritative parenting style react?

Choose one answer.

a. They would yell at him for 15 minutes and throw out all his video games, which they assume are the cause of his poor grades.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. They would automatically blame his teacher and make an appointment to speak with her.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. They would kindly ask him why he thinks he did so poorly, firmly state their expectations for him to do better, and discuss things they could all do to help him improve his grades.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. They would state that he probably just did poorly on a few tough assignments and make him his favorite dinner to cheer him up.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What are the two dimensions according to which Baumrind categorizes parenting styles?

Choose one answer.

a. Demandingness and responsiveness
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Demandingness and respectfulness
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Creativity and responsiveness
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Creativity and respectfulness
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What do we call the smallest unit of language that has meaning?

Choose one answer.

a. Phonemes
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Graphemes
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Morphemes
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Languemes
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is the order of memory processing in the stage models of information processing?

Choose one answer.

a. Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Long-term memory, short-term memory, sensory memory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Sensory memory, long-term memory, short-term memory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Short-term memory, sensory memory, long-term memory.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is the primary assumption of the information-processing theorists?

Choose one answer.

a. Cognitive resources are unlimited.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Short-term memory is 90% accurate.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Cognitive processing involves a limited capacity for information.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Sensory memory lasts indefinitely.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is a milestone of language development around the age of three to four months?

Choose one answer.

a. Smiles at the sound of a stranger's voice
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Begins to babble
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Shows clear understanding of common nouns
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Starts cooing
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is a primary difference between Vygotsky and Piaget's ideas?

Choose one answer.

a. Piaget stressed the importance of the social context.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Vygotsky believed that children learn primarily through their own experimentation.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Piaget emphasized universal cognitive change whereas Vygotsky's theory leads us to expect highly variable development.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Vygotsky focused on the errors children make while solving problems to identify their stage of development.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

Choose one answer.

a. "Want milk"
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. "Give me the ball"
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. "I see two deers"
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. "Up!"
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that healthy play is important for human development?

Choose one answer.

a. Play enhances language development.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Play engages creativity.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Play promotes centration during problem solving.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Play helps children integrate their past experiences.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements about temperament is false?

Choose one answer.

a. Children are temperamentally identical to at least one of their parents.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. At least some aspects of temperament appear to be linked to genetics.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Some researchers believe that to be a temperamental trait, the trait must be inherited.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Interviews, questionnaires, and observations are methods commonly used to measure temperament.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements about the stages of personality development identified by Freud and Erikson is true?

Choose one answer.

a. Freud identified psychonomic stages while Erikson identified psychosexual stages.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Freud identified psychosocial stages while Erikson identified psychodevelopmental stages.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Freud identified psychosexual stages while Erikson identified psychosocial stages.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Freud identified psychodevelopmental stages while Erikson identified psychosexual stages.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between neo-Piagetian theorists and Piaget?

Choose one answer.

a. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on intelligence.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on individual and cultural differences.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on genetics.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. In general, neo-Piagetian theorists place more emphasis on the normal sequence of cognitive development.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following would be most likely demonstrated by an individual in the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory?

Choose one answer.

a. Belief that actors on TV can see him or her
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Ability to order coins by size
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Understanding that a crumpled sheet of paper and a flat sheet of paper weigh the same amount
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Application of abstract, logical rules
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which one of the following milestones of cognitive development do children reach by the age of about one year?

Choose one answer.

a. Make-believe play
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Finding hidden objects easily
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Beginning to sort by shapes and colors
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Completing simple jigsaw puzzles
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which theory of language development proposes that language is a unique human accomplishment, embodied in a Language Acquisition Device present in all children?

Choose one answer.

a. Nativist theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Behaviorist theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Functionalist theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Learning stage theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

By what age do most babies begin to roll front to back and back to front?

Choose one answer.

a. Three months
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Seven months
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Twelve months
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Fifteen months
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

According to Erikson's theory, the main task of adolescence is to answer which of the following questions?

Choose one answer.

a. What are my strongest abilities?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Who can I trust?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Should I marry someday?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Who am I?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Although thirteen-year-old Kayla enjoys diving, she will no longer practice at the community pool because she thinks everyone will notice any mistake she makes. Kayla is experiencing the common cognitive distortion of adolescence called:

Choose one answer.

a. the imaginary audience.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. the personal fable.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. superegocentrism.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. abstract thought.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Fifteen-year-old Jessica is extremely focused on what she needs to do to become a surgeon, which is what her parents have encouraged her to focus on; she has not considered any other career options. According to Marcia's theory, which stage of identity development characterizes Jessica?

Choose one answer.

a. Identity achievement
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Identity exploration
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Identity foreclosure
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Identity diffusion
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Gilligan suggests that whereas men tend to see ethical issues as substantive moral matters of justice, rights, autonomy, and individuation, women tend to view them as which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Insubstantial moral matters of justice, rights, autonomy, and individuation
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Substantive moral matters of care, personal relationships, and avoiding harm to others
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Insubstantial moral matters of care, personal relationships, and avoiding harm to others
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Focusing more on child rearing
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In girls, early puberty is linked to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Depression, drug and alcohol use, and early sexual activity
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Aggressive behavior
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Physical abnormalities
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Emotional maturity
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Kohlberg was interested in which of the following with respect to moral decisions?

Choose one answer.

a. The reasoning behind moral decisions
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. The personal relationships influencing moral decisions
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. The behavior resulting from moral decisions
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The payoff of making moral versus immoral decisions
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Parental conflict with adolescent children is often related to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. The shift from unilateral parental authority to mutual authority in which adolescents share in the decision-making process
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. An offshoot of sibling rivalry in which the parents get involved
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. The new form of egocentrism that emerges in early adolescence
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The influence of teachers whose views differ from the parents
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Puberty that arrives either earlier or later in boys can lead to which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Aggressive behavior
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Physical abnormalities
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Depression
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Poor academic performance
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Research suggests that the age of onset of puberty has decreased for which demographic?

Choose one answer.

a. Girls only
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Boys only
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Both boys and girls
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. African American boys only
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

The dynamics of teenage romantic relationships have been viewed as an extension of which theory?

Choose one answer.

a. Psychodynamic theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Learning theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Object relations theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Attachment theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What does contemporary research on adolescent brain development suggest?

Choose one answer.

a. The brain's ability to control impulses is fully developed by puberty, so adolescents should be held fully responsible for the negative consequences of their actions.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. One reason that adolescents still need adult guidance is that the parts of their brain responsible for imagining consequences of their decisions are still in development.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. During adolescence, individuals show a peak in neuron production, thus explaining their reliance on reasoning abilities rather than gut feelings to make decisions.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. During adolescence, brain development stalls as energy is devoted to the tremendous physical changes of puberty in other parts of the body.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is early onset puberty called?

Choose one answer.

a. Abnormal puberty
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Hypochondriasis
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Precocious puberty
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Premenses
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is the hormone that triggers puberty?

Choose one answer.

a. Estradiol
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Androgen
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Progesterone
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following best represents Gilligan's objections to Kohlberg and other theorists addressing ethical and moral issues?

Choose one answer.

a. The absence of a feminist perspective
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. The lack of distinction between moral thinking and moral behavior
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. The perspective being primarily based on Western culture
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The focus on adolescents rather than children or adults
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is an important risk factor for engaging in sexual aggression in adolescence?

Choose one answer.

a. Being male
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. A self-perception of low romantic competence
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Late-onset puberty
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Low peer status
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements about adolescent friendships is most accurate according to research on this topic?

Choose one answer.

a. Although peer influence peaks from about seventh to ninth grades, adolescents are still more likely to turn to their parents than their friends for guidance on their long-term plans.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Efforts for parents to get to know their adolescent children's friends often backfire, leading to children becoming less inclined to discuss their lives with their parents.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Throughout high school, the positive aspects of peer influence steadily decline, while the negative aspects of peer influence steadily incline.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Younger adolescents are more resistant to peer pressure to engage in risky activities than older adolescents, who care less and less about their parents' rules and values as they approach legal adulthood.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements is true about the development of romantic experiences?

Choose one answer.

a. It tends to follow a common course across individuals and cultures.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. It tends to be slower among girls than boys.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. It tends to be faster in Western culture than in other cultures.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. It can never be predicted.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which part of the brain, responsible for such skills as planning and allocating attention, matures substantially during adolescence?

Choose one answer.

a. Temporal lobe
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Brain stem
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Corpus callosum
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Why are teenagers often clumsy during the growth spurt that occurs in puberty?

Choose one answer.

a. They are preoccupied by thoughts of romantic relationships.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Their feet grow faster than everything else.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Their brains literally cannot keep up with their bodies.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Their self-consciousness about their physical development interferes with their attention to their physical surroundings.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Kohlberg believed which of the following about moral development?

Choose one answer.

a. Moral development is complete by the end of adolescence.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Moral development is essentially the same as personality development.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Moral development is complete by the start of puberty.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

According to Erikson's theory, once individuals have established their identity, they are ready to:

Choose one answer.

a. focus on raising children.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. establish reciprocal, long-term romantic partnerships or close friendships.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. resolve the conflict of initiative versus guilt.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. attempt to develop a sense of ego integrity.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

As Americans have shown tremendous increases in life expectancy over the past century, the leading causes of death for older Americans have shifted to:

Choose one answer.

a. chronic diseases.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. infectious diseases.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. accidents and suicide.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. sudden, acute illnesses.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

As we age, our intellectual ability usually does not diminish. Rather, which of the following aspects of our cognitive processing tends to change?

Choose one answer.

a. Depth
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Detail
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Focus
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Speed
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In middle adulthood, many, if not most, individuals experience which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. An overwhelming midlife crisis
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Subtle but definite losses in physical functioning
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. The lowest levels of marital satisfaction, if currently married
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Major declines in cognitive abilities, especially those related to memory capacity
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In middle adulthood, women experience menopause as a result of:

Choose one answer.

a. a sudden drop in the production of the hormone estrogen.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. a gradual decline in the production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. a sudden increase in the production of testosterone.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. accumulation of genetic mutations in the chromosomes of their egg cells.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Levinson thought that middle and late adulthood were linked by an intermediate phase called:

Choose one answer.

a. midlife.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. late middle adulthood.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. the late adulthood transition.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. andropause.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Over the course of the lifespan, most sensory systems do which of the following?

Choose one answer.

a. Become less sensitive
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Do not change
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Become more sensitive
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Shut down
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

When 70-year-old Jim retires from a long career in banking, he decides to try two new hobbies: oil painting and sailing. He also takes on the job of picking up his grandchildren from school three days a week. Jim finds new forms of satisfaction in these activities. Which theory of aging does Jim's experience best represent?

Choose one answer.

a. Selective optimization with compensation theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Activity theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Gerotranscendence theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Subculture of aging theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following best states the primary question of adult attachment theory?

Choose one answer.

a. Do adult romantic relationships serve purposes similar to child-caregiver attachments?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Is attachment a necessary condition for adult happiness and life satisfaction?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Do stable attachments result in stable personalities?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Does adult attachment security predict positive relationships with one's children and grandchildren?
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about dementia?

Choose one answer.

a. Dementia is defined as severe memory impairment in an individual 65 years of age or older.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. The number of individuals diagnosed with dementia has steadily declined over the past three decades.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Dementia is an umbrella term for cognitive disorders marked by memory impairment as well as by problems with language, motor activity, and executive function.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Dementia is simply another term for Alzheimer's disease.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is the idea that development proceeds as a period of relatively stable states connected by relatively unsettled transitional states?

Choose one answer.

a. The high-low pattern
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Stable instability
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Connectionism
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Punctuated equilibrium
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements about divorce and its impact on children is true?

Choose one answer.

a. Children's age when the divorce occurred has little association with their ability to deal with the divorce.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Physical proximity to the parent of the same sex generally improves children's well-being after their parents' divorce.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Children of divorced parents are less likely to divorce than children of nondivorced parents.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Surveys of adolescents indicate that a majority of them are pessimistic that they will have a lifelong marriage.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements about divorce in America is false?

Choose one answer.

a. Rates of divorce tremendously increased for a period following the 1960s, in part due to the increased percentage of women entering the workforce.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Age at marriage is positively correlated with the likelihood of divorce.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Divorce rates vary by geographic region.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Those with a college education have lower rates of divorce than those without a college education.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements about research on the effects of same-sex parenting is true?

Choose one answer.

a. Children with same-sex parents show different levels of well-being than children of heterosexual parents.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Researchers believe that comparing the effects of same-sex marriage, civil unions, and partnership benefit programs will do little to inform the national debate about same-sex marriage.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. There is no research evidence that children of same-sex parents are more likely to be homosexual.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Heterosexual children with same-sex parents tend to take longer to resolve Erikson's conflict of identity versus role confusion than heterosexual children with heterosexual parents.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following statements about the poverty rate of those over the age of 65 in the United States is true?

Choose one answer.

a. It is currently at its lowest point ever.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. It has remained steady for the past five decades.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. It has inclined over the past few years, after a large decline across several decades.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. It is currently at approximately 40%.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following theories of aging fall within the broader perspective that the elderly must compete for resources against other, more privileged groups within society?

Choose one answer.

a. Modernization theory and exchange theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Selective optimization with compensation theory and disengagement theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Age stratification theory and activity theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Symbolic interaction theory and functionalist theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following types of people are most likely to engage in elder abuse?

Choose one answer.

a. Children who do not serve as primary caregivers
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Strangers
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Paid caregivers
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Spouses
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which theory of aging contends that withdrawing from society as a natural process as adults grow old reduces pressure to conform to societal norms?

Choose one answer.

a. Continuity theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Disengagement theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Activity theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Age stratification theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Why do older people often outperform younger people on tests of history and geography?

Choose one answer.

a. They have greater fluid intelligence.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. They have more crystallized intelligence.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. They have superior recollection strategies.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. They have more accurate executive control.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

During middle adulthood, we establish careers, settle down with a partner, and begin our own families. What is the central conflict of this stage of life according to Erikson?

Choose one answer.

a. Initiative versus guilt
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Intimacy versus isolation
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Generativity versus stagnation
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Ego integrity versus despair
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

A child who thinks that someone who has died has just gone to sleep for a long time and will eventually wake up is most likely in which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Choose one answer.

a. Sensorimotor
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Preoperational
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Concrete operational
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Formal operational
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Adults are generally able to accept the prospect of dying if they have successfully resolved Erikson's conflict of:

Choose one answer.

a. trust versus mistrust.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. initiative versus guilt.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. generativity versus stagnation.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. ego integrity versus despair.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

In the theory of Kübler-Ross, which of the following is not one of the phases of dealing with dying?

Choose one answer.

a. Denial
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Transcendence
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Bargaining
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Acceptance
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is one major reason that Kübler-Ross' theory has been subject to criticism?

Choose one answer.

a. Only older adults appear to go through each of the five phases included in the theory.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. There is greater variety, particularly across cultures, in how people approach death than the theory proposes.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Studies indicate that the theory holds for men but not for women.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Research suggests that people progress through the five phases in the reverse order of what Kübler-Ross indicated.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

What is the main conclusion of George Bonanno's research on grief?

Choose one answer.

a. Most people, when faced with the death of a close family member, are resilient and do not experience prolonged disruptions in their psychological functioning.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Delayed grief -- or the sudden experience of great distress several months after a loved one dies -- is the most common pattern of grieving.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. When telling a young child that a family member has died, it lessens the child's grief in both the short and long term if you tell the child that the deceased person is on a journey or taking a long rest.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The majority of older adults experience symptoms of clinical depression for four months to a year after losing a spouse or long-term romantic partner.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is true based on research concerning the relation between personal factors and death anxiety?

Choose one answer.

a. Women and men's self-reported levels of death anxiety are essentially equal.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Increasing age is positively correlated with death anxiety.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. There is not a clear pattern of relations between religious belief and death anxiety.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Death anxiety peaks in adolescence as individuals develop the cognitive ability to grasp the consequences of the physical risks they take.
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which theory or model proposes that a key to feeling less anxious about death is developing a clear sense of purpose for one's life and transforming one's beliefs, values, and behaviors to align with that purpose?

Choose one answer.

a. Terror management model
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. Bowlby's theory of attachment
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. Meaning management model
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

How is death defined from a biological point of view?

Choose one answer.

a. The cessation of brain activity
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
b. The cessation of brain activity and breathing
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
c. The cessation of the heartbeat
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood
d. The cessation of brain activity, breathing, and the heartbeat
Which of the following statements are true regarding growth in early childhood

.

.

Which of the following is true of brain growth in early childhood?

Which of the following is true of brain development in early childhood? The brain increases in size due to the continuing myelination of nerve fibers.

Which of the following best describes the growth of the brain during early childhood quizlet?

Terms in this set (37) Which of the following best describes the pattern of brain growth in childhood? The brain grows in spurts wiht the weight of the brain increasing by 30% between the ages of 3 and 18 months.

Which of the following statements best describes child development?

Which of the following statements best describes the process of child development? Children's knowledge and physical abilities increase and also change qualitatively over time.

What are the two of the most important developmental factors that contribute to the differences in children's height worldwide?

Height variation is known to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but a systematic description of how their influences differ by sex, age and global regions is lacking.