DKA
r44d3 Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state r45 Hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia r43 Uncontrolled diabetes r43
Criteria for ICU admission
Recommendations for specialist referral
Treatment OptionsComprehensive diabetes management encompasses several components, including therapeutic lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, glucose monitoring, diabetes education, and strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk factors All patients should engage in lifestyle modifications directed at weight loss and increased physical activity r47r48
General guidance on pharmacologic therapy
Antihyperglycemic medications
Self-monitoring of blood glucose level r72
Bariatric surgery
Management of comorbidities
Drug therapy
Nondrug and supportive careTherapeutic lifestyle modifications r33r48c150
Diabetes self-management education and support r48c154
Blood glucose monitoring
Smoking cessation r48c157
Immunizations r10r33
Procedures
Comorbidities
Special populations
Monitoring
Complications and PrognosisComplications
Prognosis
Screening and PreventionScreeningAt-risk populations
Screening tests
Prevention
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S125-43, 202234964831Dluhy RG et al: Intensive glycemic control in the ACCORD and ADVANCE trials. N Engl J Med. 358(24):2630-3, 200818539918Kennedy M et al: Complex type 2 diabetes mellitus--management challenges and pitfalls. Aust Fam Physician. 42(4):207-10, 201323550246American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S17-38, 202234964875Nguyen NT et al: Relationship between obesity and diabetes in a US adult population: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2006. Obes Surg. 21(3):351-5, 201121128002American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 10. Cardiovascular disease and risk management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S144-74, 202234964815Nathan DM: Diabetes: advances in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 314(10):1052-62, 201526348754Bonnefond A et al: Rare and common genetic events in type 2 diabetes: what should biologists know? Cell Metab. 21(3):357-68, 2015 25640731Selvin E et al: Glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med. 362(9):800-11, 201020200384American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 4. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S46-59, 202234964869American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S185-94, 202234964887Cosentino F et al: 2019 ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 41(2):255-323, 202031497854US Preventive Services Task Force et al: Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 317(4):407-14, 201728118461D'Aiuto F et al: Systemic effects of periodontitis treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 12 month, single-centre, investigator-masked, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6(12):954-65, 201830472992 Simpson TC et al: Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 11:CD004714, 201526545069Ziemer DC et al: Glucose-independent, black-white differences in hemoglobin A1c levels: a cross-sectional analysis of 2 studies. Ann Intern Med. 152(12):770-7, 201020547905Jones AG et al: The clinical utility of C-peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes. Diabet Med. 30(7):803-17, 201323413806In the clinic. Type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 146(1):ITC1-15; quiz ITC16, 200717200215Bichet DG: Polyuria and diabetes insipidus. In: Alpern RJ et al, eds: Seldin and Giebisch's The Kidney. 5th ed. Academic Press; 2013:1571-600Kim SH: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young: what do clinicians need to know? Diabetes Metab J. 39(6):468-77, 201526706916Hattersley A et al: The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 10 (Suppl 12):33-42, 200919754616Timsit J et al: Searching for maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY): when and what for? Can J Diabetes. 40(5):455-61, 201627103109Kleinberger JW et al: Undiagnosed MODY: time for action. Curr Diab Rep. 15(12):110, 201526458381Repaske DR: Medication-induced diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 17(6):392-7, 201627492964Anyanwagu U et al: Drug-induced diabetes mellitus: evidence for statins and other drugs affecting glucose metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 99(4):390-400, 201626440603Quattrocchi E et al: Management of type 2 diabetes: consensus of diabetes organizations. Drugs Context. 9:212607, 202032158490Davies MJ et al: Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 41(12):2669-701, 201830291106Garber AJ et al: Consensus statement by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm 2020: executive summary. Endocr Pract. 26(1):107-39, 202032022600American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 6. Glycemic targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S83-96, 2022 PMID: 3329842234964868 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: Management. NICE guideline NG28. NICE website. Updated November 24, 2021. Accessed March 3, 2022. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28Handelsman Y et al: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on the association of SGLT-2 inhibitors and diabetic ketoacidosis. Endocr Pract. 22(6):753-62, 201627082665Qaseem A et al: Hemoglobin A1C targets for glycemic control with pharmacologic therapy for nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a guidance statement update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 168(8):569-76, 201829507945Handelsman Y et al: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan--2015. Endocr Pract. 21 (Suppl 1):1-87, 201525869408Battelino T et al: Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the International Consensus on Time in Range. Diabetes Care. 42(8):1593-603, 201931177185American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-20222. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S244-53, 202234964884Whelton PK et al: 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 71:e13-115, 201729133356Xie X et al: Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 387(10017):435-43, 201626559744Jerums G et al: Cardiovascular outcomes with antihypertensive therapy in type 2 diabetes: an analysis of intervention trials. J Hum Hypertens. 29(8):473-7, 201525608943Brunström M et al: Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 352:i717, 201626920333Arnett DK et al: 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 74(10:e177-252, 201930894318Goff DC Jr et al: 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 129:S49-73, 201424222018Jellinger PS et al: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Endocr Pract. 23 (Suppl 2):1-87, 201728437620American Diabetes Association: Hospital admission guidelines for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 27 (Suppl 1):S103, 200414693939Kitabchi AE et al: Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 32(7):1335-43, 200919564476Umpierrez G et al: Diabetic emergencies--ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 12(4):222-32, 201626893262Mendez Y et al: Diabetic ketoacidosis: treatment in the intensive care unit or general medical/surgical ward? World J Diabetes. 8(2):40-4, 201728265341Qaseem A et al: Oral pharmacologic treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a clinical practice guideline update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 166(4):279-90, 201728055075American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S60-82, 2022 34964866Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee et al: Pharmacologic glycemic management of type 2 diabetes in adults: 2020 update. Can J Diabetes. 44(7):575-91, 202032972640Milder TY et al: Combination therapy with an SGLT2 inhibitor as initial treatment for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 8(1):45, 201930621212Cai X et al: Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy in treatment-naïve type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Ther. 9(5):1995-2014, 201830155646Steinberg J et al: Type 2 diabetes therapies: a STEPS approach. Am Fam Physician. 99(4):237-43, 201930763055US FDA. FDA NEWS RELEASE. FDA Approves Novel, Dual-Targeted Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes. FDA website. Published May 13, 2022. Accessed August 26, 2022. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-novel-dual-targeted-treatment-type-2-diabetes?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdeliveryhttps://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-novel-dual-targeted-treatment-type-2-diabetes?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdeliveryGross JL et al: Effect of antihyperglycemic agents added to metformin and a sulfonylurea on glycemic control and weight gain in type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 154(10):672-9, 201121576535Nathan DM et al: Rationale and design of the glycemia reduction approaches in diabetes: a comparative effectiveness study (GRADE). Diabetes Care. 36(8):2254-61, 201323690531Shin JI: Second-line glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 19(8):54, 201931286271 Cefalu WT et al: Cardiovascular outcomes trials in type 2 diabetes: where do we go from here? Reflections from a Diabetes Care editors' expert forum. Diabetes Care. 41(1):14-31, 201829263194Das SR et al: 2020 Expert consensus decision pathway on novel therapies for cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 76(9):1117-45, 202032771263Kanie T et al: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for people with cardiovascular disease: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10:CD013650, 202134693515Marso SP et al: Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 375(4):311-22, 201627295427American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 11. Chronic kidney disease and risk management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S175-84, 202234964873Giugliano D et al: Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular prevention: the dogmas disputed. Endocrine. 60(2):224-8, 201828895030Zinman B et al: Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 373(22):2117-28, 201526378978Wanner C et al: Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 375(4):323-34, 201627299675Cannon CP et al: Cardiovascular outcomes with ertugliflozin in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 383(15):1425-35, 202032966714Bhatt DL et al: Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure. N Engl J Med. 384(2):117-28, 202133200892Bhatt DL et al: Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 384(2):129-39, 202133200891Wallia A et al: Insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA. 311(22):2315-25, 201424915263ORIGIN Trial Investigators et al: Basal insulin and cardiovascular and other outcomes in dysglycemia. N Engl J Med. 367(4):319-28, 201222686416Vanderheiden A et al: Effect of adding liraglutide vs placebo to a high-dose insulin regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 176(7):939-47, 201627273731Minze MG et al: Combination therapies in the management of type 2 diabetes: the use of insulin degludec/liraglutide. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 12:471-8, 201627099505Bailey TS et al: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology 2016 outpatient glucose monitoring consensus statement. Endocr Pract. 22(2):231-61, 201626848630American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 8. Obesity and weight management for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S113-24, 202234964843 Buchwald H et al: Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 122(3):248-56.e5, 200919272486Joseph JJ et al: Comprehensive management of cardiovascular risk factors for adults with type 2 diabetes: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. CIR0000000000001040, 202235000404Gloy VL et al: Bariatric surgery versus non-surgical treatment for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 347:f5934, 201324149519Gaede P et al: Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 358(6):580-91, 200818256393 Low Wang CC et al: Clinical update: cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus--mechanisms, management, and clinical considerations. Circulation. 133(24):2459-502, 201627297342 Crowley MJ et al: Clinical outcomes of metformin use in populations with chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, or chronic liver disease: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 166(3):191-200, 201728055049Morgan CL et al: What next after metformin? A retrospective evaluation of the outcome of second-line, glucose-lowering therapies in people with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 97(12):4605-12, 201223076348Woo V et al: The role of sodium glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors in heart failure and chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 1-13, 201930767677NAVIGATOR Study Group. et al: Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 362(16):1463-76, 201020228402Lathief S et al: Approach to diabetes management in patients with CVD. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 26(2):165-79, 201626411567 Liao HW et al: Pioglitazone and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with insulin resistance, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 7(1):e013927, 201728057658Lewis JD et al: Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer and other common cancers in persons with diabetes. JAMA. 314(3):265-77, 201526197187Holman RR et al: Effects of acarbose on cardiovascular and diabetes outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance (ACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 5(11):877-86, 201728917545Chiasson JL et al: The STOP-NIDDM Trial: an international study on the efficacy of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor to prevent type 2 diabetes in a population with impaired glucose tolerance: rationale, design, and preliminary screening data. Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 21(10):1720-5, 19989773737Hansen M et al: Bile acid sequestrants for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications. 31(5):918-27, 201728238556Defronzo RA: Bromocriptine: a sympatholytic, d2-dopamine agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 34(4):789-94, 201121447659Herrmann K et al: Cardiovascular safety assessment of pramlintide in type 2 diabetes: results from a pooled analysis of five clinical trials. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol. 2:12, 201628702246Min T et al: The role of tirzepatide, dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in the management of type 2 diabetes: the SURPASS clinical trials. Diabetes Ther. 12(1):143-57, 202133325008Balkau B et al: Factors associated with weight gain in people with type 2 diabetes starting on insulin. Diabetes Care. 37(8):2108-13, 201424824546Segal AR et al: Insulin: making sense of current options. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 45(4):845-74, 201627823608Owens DR et al: Effects of initiation and titration of a single pre-prandial dose of insulin glulisine while continuing titrated insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes: a 6-month 'proof-of-concept' study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 13(11):1020-7, 201121679291Bergenstal RM et al: Adjust to target in type 2 diabetes: comparison of a simple algorithm with carbohydrate counting for adjustment of mealtime insulin glulisine. Diabetes Care. 31(7):1305-10, 200818364392 Segal AR et al: Are you ready for more insulin concentrations? J Diabetes Sci Technol. 9(2):331-8, 201525385945Holman RR et al: Three-year efficacy of complex insulin regimens in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 361(18):1736-47, 200919850703Riddle MC et al: One-year sustained glycaemic control and less hypoglycaemia with new insulin glargine 300 U/ml compared with 100 U/ml in people with type 2 diabetes using basal plus meal-time insulin: the EDITION 1 12-month randomized trial, including 6-month extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 17(9):835-42, 201525846721Gough SC et al: Low-volume insulin degludec 200 units/mL once daily improves glycemic control similarly to insulin glargine with a low risk of hypoglycemia in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a 26-week, randomized, controlled, multinational, treat-to-target trial: the BEGIN LOW VOLUME trial. Diabetes Care. 36(9):2536-42, 201323715753Aroda VR et al: Efficacy and safety of LixiLan, a titratable fixed-ratio combination of insulin glargine plus lixisenatide in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin and metformin: the LixiLan-L randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 39(11):1972-80, 201627650977Franz MJ et al: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics nutrition practice guideline for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults: systematic review of evidence for medical nutrition therapy effectiveness and recommendations for integration into the nutrition care process. J Acad Nutr Diet. 117(10):1659-79, 201728533169Franz MJ: Diabetes nutrition therapy: effectiveness, macronutrients, eating patterns and weight management. Am J Med Sci. 351(4):374-9, 201627079343International Diabetes Federation: Diabetes and Ramadan: Practical Guidelines. International Diabetes Federation website. Updated September 4, 2021. Accessed August 26, 2022. www.idf.org/guidelines/diabetes-in-ramadanhttp://www.idf.org/guidelines/diabetes-in-ramadanBajaj HS et al: Diabetes Canada position statement for people with types 1 and 2 diabetes who fast during Ramadan. Can J Diabetes. 43(1):3-12, 201929804943 Estruch R et al: Mediterranean diet for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 369(7):676-7, 201323944307Evert AB et al: Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 42(5):731-54, 201931000505Evert AB et al: Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 37 (Suppl 1):S120-43, 201424357208Wheeler ML et al: Macronutrients, food groups, and eating patterns in the management of diabetes: a systematic review of the literature, 2010. Diabetes Care. 35(2):434-45, 201222275443Banerjee D et al: Management of hypertension and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in adults with diabetic kidney disease: Association of British Clinical Diabetologists and the Renal Association UK guideline update 2021. BMC Nephrol. 23(1):9, 202234979961Kanaley JA et al: Exercise/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 54(2):353-68, 202235029593Church TS et al: Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 304(20):2253-62, 201021098771Jelleyman C et al: The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 16(11):942-61, 201526481101Dempsey PC et al: Benefits for type 2 diabetes of interrupting prolonged sitting with brief bouts of light walking or simple resistance activities. Diabetes Care. 39(6):964-72, 2016 27208318Riebe D et al: Updating ACSM's recommendations for exercise preparticipation health screening. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 47(11):2473-9, 201526473759Jensen MD et al: 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 63(25 Pt B):2985-3023, 201424239920Klein S et al: Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: a consensus statement from shaping America's health: Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, the Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 30(6):1647-52, 200717360974 Look AHEAD Research Group et al: Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 369(2):145-54, 201323796131Rubino F et al: Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Diabetes Care. 39(6):861-77, 201627222544Davis J et al: 2022 National standards for diabetes self-management education and support. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care. 48(1):44-59, 202235049403Harrell RM et al: Coding guidelines for continuous glucose monitoring [AACE position statement]. Endocr Pract. 16(2):151-4, 201020350900Peters AL et al: Diabetes technology--continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 101(11):3922-37, 201627588440Fonseca VA et al: Continuous glucose monitoring: a consensus conference of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology. Endocr Pract. 22(8):1008-21, 201627214060American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 7. Diabetes technology: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S97-112, 202234964871Vigersky RA et al: Short- and long-term effects of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 35(1):32-8, 201222100963Martens T et al: Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 325(22):2262-72, 202134077499Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Working Group et al: Blood glucose monitoring in adults and children with diabetes: update 2021. Can J Diabetes. 45(7):580-7, 202134511234 CDC: Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule for Ages 19 Years or Older, United States, 2022. CDC website. Updated February 17, 2022. Accessed August 26, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.htmlhttps://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.htmlGrunberger G et al: Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology insulin pump management task force. Endocr Pract. 20(5):463-89, 201424816754Grunberger G et al: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology 2018 position statement on integration of insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 24(3):302-8, 201829547046Reznik Y et al: Insulin pump treatment compared with multiple daily injections for treatment of type 2 diabetes (OpT2mise): a randomised open-label controlled trial. Lancet. 384(9950):1265-72, 201424998009Cummings DE et al: Bariatric/metabolic surgery to treat type 2 diabetes in patients with a BMI [less than] 35 kg/m². Diabetes Care. 39(6):924-33, 201627222550Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Consortium et al: Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 361(5):445-54, 200919641201Schauer PR et al: Clinical outcomes of metabolic surgery: efficacy of glycemic control, weight loss, and remission of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 39(6):902-11, 201627222548 Schauer PR et al: Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes--5-year outcomes. N Engl J Med. 376(7):641-51, 201728199805Adams TD et al: Clinical outcomes of metabolic surgery: microvascular and macrovascular complications. Diabetes Care. 39(6):912-23, 201627222549Emdin CA et al: Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 313(6):603-15, 201525668264de Boer IH et al: Individualizing blood pressure targets for people with diabetes and hypertension: comparing the ADA and the ACC/AHA recommendations. JAMA. 319(13):1319-20, 201829543954Tuttle KR et al: Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus Conference. Am J Kidney Dis. 64(4):510-33, 201425257325Szalat A et al: Managing dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 30(3):431-44, 201627432076Grundy SM et al: 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol. Circulation. 139(25):e1082-143, 2018 30586774Davies M et al: The treatment of type 2 diabetes in the presence of renal impairment: what we should know about newer therapies. Clin Pharmacol. 8:61-81, 201627382338Lo C et al: Insulin and glucose-lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9:CD011798, 201830246878Dunlay SM et al: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail. 25(8):584-619, 201931174952Seferović PM et al: Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology update on sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 22(11):1984-6, 202033068051Inzucchi S et al: Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 38(1):140-9, 201525538310Klein S et al: Weight management through lifestyle modification for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: rationale and strategies: a statement of the American Diabetes Association, the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, and the American Society for Clinical Nutrition. Diabetes Care. 27(8):2067-73, 200415277443Lee SW et al: The impact of sleep amount and sleep quality on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 31:91-101, 201726944909Cusi K et al: Long-term pioglitazone treatment for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 165(5):305-15, 201627322798 García-Compeán D et al: Current concepts in diabetes mellitus and chronic liver disease: clinical outcomes, hepatitis C virus association, and therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 61(2):371-80, 201626462490Ahmadieh H et al: Liver disease and diabetes: association, pathophysiology, and management. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 104(1):53-62, 201424485856Kim PS et al: A1C underestimates glycemia in HIV infection. Diabetes Care. 32(9):1591-3, 200919502538de Groot M et al: Psychological conditions in adults with diabetes. Am Psychol. 71(7):552-62, 201627690484Young-Hyman D et al: Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 39(12):2126-40, 201627879358LeRoith D et al: Treatment of diabetes in older adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 104(5):1520-74, 201930903688Launer LJ et al: Effects of intensive glucose lowering on brain structure and function in people with type 2 diabetes (ACCORD MIND): a randomised open-label substudy. Lancet Neurol. 10(11):969-77, 201121958949American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 13. Older adults: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S195-207, 202234964847 American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S232-43, 202234964864Buchleitner AM et al: Perioperative glycaemic control for diabetic patients undergoing surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9:CD007315, 201222972106International Hypoglycaemia Study Group: Glucose concentrations of less than 3.0 mmol/L (54 mg/dL) should be reported in clinical trials: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 40(1):155-7, 201727872155Gosmanov AR et al: Hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar State (HHS). In: De Groot JL et al, eds: Endotext. MDText.com, Inc; 2000-202125905280Hayward RA et al: Follow-up of glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 372(23):2197-206, 201526039600Holman RR et al: 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 359(15):1577-89, 200818784090ADVANCE Collaborative Group et al: Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 358(24):2560-72, 200818539916Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group et al: Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 358(24):2545-59, 200818539917Giorgino F et al: Cardiovascular disease and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: now that the dust is settling from large clinical trials. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1281:36-50, 201323387439CDC: National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. CDC website. Published 2020. Accessed March 3, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdfhttps://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf Fried LF et al: Combined angiotensin inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 370(8):779, 201424552328Finnerup NB et al: Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 14(2):162-73, 201525575710Tancredi M et al: Excess mortality among persons with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 373(18):1720-32, 201526510021 Skyler JS et al: Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. J Am Coll Cardiol. 53(3):298-304, 200919147051Riddle MC et al: Consensus report: definition and interpretation of remission in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. ePub, 202134462270US Preventive Services Task Force et al: Screening for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 326(8):736-43, 202134427594Hemmingsen B et al: Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD003054, 201729205264Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group et al: 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 374(9702):1677-86, 200919878986Balk EM et al: Combined diet and physical activity promotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 163(6):437-51, 201526167912Salas-Salvadó J et al: Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 160(1):1-10, 201424573661American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee et al: 3. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes and associated comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 45(Supplement_1):S39-45, 202234964876Moelands SV et al: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD005061, 201830592787 Madsen KS et al: Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased risk for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD008558, 201931794067Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care. 35(4):731-7, 201222442396Knowler WC et al: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 346(6):393-403, 200211832527 What is true about type 2 diabetes mellitus?Type 2 diabetes is primarily the result of two interrelated problems: Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become resistant to insulin. Because these cells don't interact in a normal way with insulin, they don't take in enough sugar. The pancreas is unable to produce enough insulin to manage blood sugar levels.
Which of the following is used in type 2 diabetes mellitus?Metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others) is generally the first medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes. It works primarily by lowering glucose production in the liver and improving your body's sensitivity to insulin so that your body uses insulin more effectively.
What are 3 facts about type 2 diabetes?Type 2 Diabetes Facts and Tips. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. ... . Being overweight (BMI greater than 25) increases your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.. There's a genetic mutation involved in type 2 diabetes, although researchers haven't been able to pinpoint the exact mutation.. Which of the following increases your risk for type 2 diabetes Mcq?Explanation: Those with increased body fat are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes. Risk is greatest for those with excess fat carried around the waist.
|