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hierarchyCities and settlements more generally, differ in their level of importance. Some cities are very large and are the command and control centres of an entire country or region, while other settlements may be very small with only a few businesses and a small number of residents. Some people actually choose to live in isolated areas. The easiest way to judge where a city is placed in the urban hierarchy is to use its population size, however we know that population size alone does
tell us how important a city it. Mexico City for example, has a very large population, but does not exert much control globally. It is better to use characteristics such as GDP, the number of TNC headquarters, international importance, etc. IF we use these types of characteristics, London, New York and Tokyo are the top three command centres of the global economy. Below these cities are other world cities also known as secondary financial centres such as Hong Kong, Zurich, and Paris (as well as
many others). Below these at a national level are large and small towns, villages, hamlets and lastly isolated dwellings. The urban hierarchy shows us the relationships between the different types of settlements, and it is from these relationships that we can understand the concepts of dominance and dependence. - World centres are dependent on small centres for primary production. Dominance and the urban hierarchy Dominance refers to the amount of control some urban places exert over other urban places and the spatial extent of that control. Within the global hierarchy, world cities have more control over all other urban places and over a greater area. They have a long history of dominance, gained through exploration and trade, colonisation and neo-colonisation and through globalisation, based on industry and services. There is a hierarchy of dominance and world cities are at the top of the pyramid. Below world cities, each level dominates the one below, from zonal cities through to regional centres and to towns and villages. Dominance is concentrated in the developed world. Dominance - world cities World cities dominate because of the concentration of control they have over a range of human activities. They are the most important centres of corporate decision making and the creation of investment capital. They attract talent and expertise that generate new ideas and technologies. They create fashion and culture. They are centres of global transport and communications. Some of this control is delegated to large cities lower down the hierarchy where branches and regional headquarters are located.World cities receive preferential treatment from national governments. Decision-makers find it easier to allocate resources to existing capitals rather than identify opportunities elsewhere, and perceive that there is less risk associated with investing in world cities than in smaller cities and towns. Capital cities continue to dominate the European urban systems in terms of population, employment and output – with the exceptions of Germany and Switzerland. This occurs for a number of reasons such as historical, economic, political and institutional reasons. Second tier cities continue to make a significant contribution to their national economies and the European economy. However, there is a significant gap between a nation’s world city and the second tier cities. In most of the Eastern European countries this gap is growing, but in some countries the gap it is declining. Governments will need to create strategies which encourage investment in specific areas to target second tier cities. World Cities dominate the rest of the urban system so the national economy becomes spatially and structurally unbalanced, focusing solely on the world city. Most countries do not have policies and strategies in place to develop second tier cities, so the needs of these cities are overlooked. Peripheral areas become weaker as world cities attract the concentration of investment. Dominance - second tier cities Second tier cities are cities that are secondary to world cities on the urban hierarchy of urban centres. They generally have between 500,000 to 3 million inhabitants. They generally don’t have an international profile and are only known within their own country. Second tier cities contain many of the characteristics of world cities such as concentrations of economic activity, financial services, cultural centres, etc. If they have the right infrastructure, facilities, capacity and powers second tier cities can achieve many of the functions of world cities. Second tier cities can lift the economic performance of their regions and reduce inter-regional inequalities. Second tier cities dominate their general area and draw populations and employment out from surrounding rural areas an smaller towns.Dependence - smaller cities/towns and regional areas Dependence refers to the ways in which less powerful urban centres rely upon more powerful urban centres. In contrast to dominance, dependence is greatest at the bottom of the global urban hierarchy. The smallest urban places are least able to survive on their own, while larger urban places in the developing world are increasingly dependent on the control exerted by larger urban places in the developed world.
Sponge centres are big provincial centres which suck in people and resources from neighbouring regions. London Case study
Which of the following describes the process by which individuals identify objects in the environment for attention?Perceptual Selectivity: Seeing What We See
As noted above, perceptual selectivity refers to the process by which individuals select objects in the environment for attention.
Which of the following describes the process by which one screens selects organizes and interprets stimuli to give them meaning quizlet?Perception. The process by which one screens, selects, organizes and interprets stimuli to give them meaning. Perceptual Selectivity. Refers to the process by which individuals select objects in the environment for attention.
Which of the following describes the process by which one screens selects organizes and interprets stimuli to give the meaning?Perception. The process by which one screens, selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli to give them meaning.
Which of these defines the extent to which you believe that the person being observed is behaving in a manner that is consistent with the behavior of his or her peers?Consensus. The extent to which you believe that the person being observed is behaving in a manner that is consistent with the behavior of his or her peers.
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Which of these best describe a process by which we systematically screen out or discredit information we dont wish to hear and focus instead on more salient information?
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